There should be a science of discontent. People need hard times and oppression to develop psychic muscles.
— Frank Herbert, Dune
Haidt and Lukianoff’s The Coddling of the American Mind famously argues that coddling is bad for kids. As Haidt states elsewhere:
Children’s social and emotional abilities are as antifragile as their immune systems. If we overprotect kids and keep them “safe” from unpleasant social situations and negative emotions, we deprive them of the challenges and opportunities for skill-building they need to grow strong. Such children are likely to suffer more when exposed later to other unpleasant but ordinary life events, such as teasing and social exclusion.
If so, there’s an odd implication. Namely: We are currently raising an extremely tough generation of white males.
The logic: Virtually every other demographic group gets official sympathy, but white males get official disdain. While the dose varies widely, “white male” is almost the sole demographic category Americans publicly pronounce in sneer italics. (That naturally includes sub-sets, such as “straight white males” or “cis straight white males”). So while every other group gets the short-run benefit and long-run harm of “coddling,” white males get the mirror image: short-run harm, long-run benefit.
When I look at the world, however, I honestly see little sign that today’s white males are reaping the benefits of their own antifragility. What’s going on? I see three main responses:
1. I’m wrong. Today’s white males are extraordinarily tough, just as Haidt-Lukianoff’s model predicts.
2. The dosage of abuse that today’s white males receive is too high to be beneficial. As exposure therapy teaches us, you build toughness with moderate adversity, not terrible adversity.
3. The dosage of abuse that today’s white males receive is too low to be beneficial. Things have to get much worse for white males to counter all of the other coddling going on.
The main problem is #1 is that almost no one thinks this. Including Haidt and Lukianoff, as far as I know.
The main problem with #2 is that the dose of abuse still seems moderate. Even if you’re stuck at a school with lots of brainwashing, how many times per day do you personally hear anyone say “white male” in sneer italics? I doubt more than 10% of students can even say “once per day.” According to a little poll I ran:
How often do you *personally* hear someone say the phrase "white males" with sneer italics?
— Bryan Caplan (@bryan_caplan) November 8, 2021
The main problem with #3 is that Haidt and Lukianoff are clearly disturbed by the current level of abuse of white males. So it would be hard for them to save their model by downplaying the current dosage.
What’s the real story? My best guess is that the case against coddling mostly reflects focusing illusion. Nothing is as important as you think it is, when you’re thinking about it. Including coddling. Coddling is mostly futile, but not deeply destructive. As the nature/nurture literature predicts.
READER COMMENTS
Benjamin Hoffman
Nov 17 2021 at 9:49am
Kids growing up in comfortable circumstances face lots of (mostly social) threats but few challenges, when the opposite is what would help them learn.
D
Nov 17 2021 at 9:54am
Your poll is far too specific to capture the frequency of abuse. Anyone sensitive to this phenomenon will notice whites being blamed regularly, sometimes only implicitly, for nearly everything bad, in any topic dealing with race, from nearly any media or academic source. And race talk is a constant, daily feature within our current discourse.
Nathan LaBrecque
Nov 17 2021 at 10:08am
I personally would look more at differences in generational coddling, I think a lot of the issues we are seeing are from the “greatest generation” raising the boomers and coddling them to much. They never had a World War to fight through and at least in the US in one of the post war bounty that the US was provided by being the manufacturer to the world.
Full disclosure I am a 38 year old white male.
robc
Nov 17 2021 at 10:23am
I see a 1B – not yet. I don’t think the time to develop the toughness has yet elapsed. So maybe #1 is true — 20 years from now.
Phillip Constantine
Nov 17 2021 at 10:53am
Disclosure: I have not read The Coddling, but I have listened to Haidt’s talks on it.
My guess is that his response would/will be a variant of #3: That just sitting through some accusations or mild abuse is not enough to gain the benefits of antifragility, even though it might be enough to be damaging. In order to gain the benefits of antifragility, one needs to go through a process of being faced with adversity, then overcoming it through their own initiative and self-reliance. Just sitting in a classroom or on Twitter and being blamed would not count, because there is no process of response; you just need to sit there and take it.
KevinDC
Nov 17 2021 at 10:54am
I noticed a rather trivial (and to be honest, amusing to me) iteration of this the other day. If you pull up an app on your phone or in your chat program to look up gifs and search for, say, “dancing”, what you’ll get is gifs of people dancing. However, if you search for gifs of “white dancing”, the results are entirely of people making spasmatic fools of themselves on the dance floor. The same holds true for any search you might make, be it singing, dancing, cooking – adding the prefix “white” to any of these essentially switches the results to “losers who are terrible at everything.” Still, I was mildly pleased to discover this because it makes it easier for me to find funny gifs to attach to messages – I only need to add the word “white” to a search.
The main point here is interesting. The phenomenon Haidt and Lukianoff are attempting to explain still needs examination. They do a good job in their book of making a case that despite the insistence of some, what’s going on at college campuses isn’t just how college students have always been but with a higher media profile. Lukianoff in particular is in a good position to notice the difference, given that he’s been involved with the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education for a couple of decades. One of the more interesting points he makes is that until just a few years ago, attempts to cancel/censor/deplatform etc were almost always instigated by faculty members, and students were the ones reaching out to FIRE to ensure free speech was protected. But in the last few years, suddenly, the calls for cancelling/censorship/deplatforming began to come overwhelmingly from the students themselves – students are now the ones demanding censorship from (and of) the faculty. This is a new development, and not a good one, I think.
Another explanation for why students might at least appear to be much more fragile than previous generations is that students are rationally responding to newer cultural incentives that didn’t exist in the past. (I know, this is exactly the sort of thing an economist would say, isn’t it?) I’m again here reminded of a video from a Youtuber I enjoy who argues for the value of offense, where he makes the following observations:
Frank
Nov 17 2021 at 6:51pm
One aspect of the culture at our secondary school was that students were expected to respond aggressively to insults, specifically insults to their families, especially their mothers. The insults didn’t need to be that imaginative. Often just the phrase “Your mum” was enough. In response, students were expected to get angry and physically defend their mother’s honor. If they didn’t, they were seen as weak and cowardly.
Let me not give precise examples of insults to one’s mother during lunch hour at my Junior High School in the Bronx ca. 1963, but just say that one had to retaliate verbally. [No weapons in those days, well, not many.] Weak boys typically ran away crying. Strong boys gave as good as they got. These occurrences were called “sound-down wars”.
Did me some good participating. Don’t worry about one or the other mild insult, and develop your rhetoric.
Steve S
Nov 17 2021 at 11:17am
My n=1 but as a cis-het white male I feel basically zero actual oppression or derision on a day to day basis. People do the “white male” sneer italics online but I never hear it in real life.
Perhaps because I’ve built myself a beautiful bubble (36yo, affluent suburb, work in tech/manufacturing) but it kinda feels like a side show to me.
Knut P. Heen
Nov 17 2021 at 12:02pm
You become immune to a certain extent so I think they are at least partially right. Everyone in European soccer takes some abuse from the fans weekly (players, managers, and referees). They learn to live with it. The Manchester United manager got abused by a fan during the post-match interview recently. He simply laughed and asked the fan whether he could finish the interview before the fan abused him.
KevinDC
Nov 17 2021 at 12:29pm
Just a couple of further thoughts –
I think option 3 is more viable than Bryan gives it credit for. He lists option three as:
In response, Bryan says that “Haidt and Lukianoff are clearly disturbed by the current level of abuse of white males.” But I don’t see any inconsistency here. You can reasonably find abuse directed at a specific demographic disturbing, even if you believe the current level of that abuse is relatively mild and that in the aggregate it doesn’t overcome other factors which also worry you. And contra what Bryan suggests here, according to H&L’s model, this doesn’t imply the result would be “an extremely tough generation of white males,” especially if you think that the level of abuse isn’t enough to offset all the other factors. It would just imply that white males on the whole would be somewhat less coddled/fragile than other groups, not that they go from being coddled/fragile all the way to extremely tough.
One point supporting H&L’s thesis can be found in a recent survey posted by American Progress on the attitudes of different generations of the LGTBQI+ community. I think most of us would agree that while America is not perfect on gay rights or acceptance, tremendous progress has been made, particularly in just the last couple of decades, and that things are better than they’ve ever been. Yet, the younger generation doesn’t see it that way. Concerns about discrimination among Baby Boomers in the community are at an all time low, but concerns about discrimination among Gen Z in that community are at an all time high. 42% of Gen Z members say they’re scared of simply going to the grocery store for fear of all the discrimination they’ll face. H&L’s thesis goes a long way to explain why people who came of age in a time when it’s never been easier to be gay in America still see themselves as facing greater hardships and more discrimination than ever before.
BS
Nov 17 2021 at 12:49pm
Maybe disdain doesn’t do anything useful, whereas having to support oneself and recover from one’s own mistakes (for example), does something useful.
Ghatanathoah
Nov 17 2021 at 1:29pm
Seconded.
Ghatanathoah
Nov 17 2021 at 1:29pm
I suspect the issue is that most of the white males living in very leftist places where “white males” encounter frequent scorn believe implicitly that the people doing the scorning don’t mean “them.” They believe that they are only talking about some other, “bad” white males who exist out there in the wide world, but not around here. There is also a smaller subpopulation of white males that does take the abuse to heart and feels very bad, I suspect these people are the ones Haidt and Lukianoff are worried about. So basically, Bryan’s 3 is true for the former group, while his 2 is true for the latter group.
I suspect an analogy could be made to religious communities that teach that everyone is full of sin. To a large number of congregants, this does not mean “them,” it means those other horrible sinful people who exist out in the wider world. However, a smaller group of congregants take the message to heart and develop harmful scrupulosity issues, they think that they are monstrous sinners even if they are exceptionally good people by conventional standards. So again, there is one group where the abuse doesn’t have any effect and another where it is excessive, even though it is the same amount of abuse.
eccdogg
Nov 17 2021 at 1:52pm
I don’t see why #1 is not the correct answer but it is domain specific.
White males really do have thicker skins when it comes to insults against them for being white males. So for that specific domain they are tougher.
They have also been coddled in many other domains relative to their fathers and grandfathers and thus are not relative tough in other domains.
Mark Z
Nov 17 2021 at 2:05pm
“If so, there’s an odd implication. Namely: We are currently raising an extremely tough generation of white males.”
I don’t think this is the exact implication. You need to add the term ‘relatively.’ White males may be less sensitive than other groups to racial verbal abuse due to the asymmetric social acceptability of anti-white-male sentiment, while still being more sensitive to verbal abuse than previous generations due to verbal abuse in general being less common.
For example, it may be the case that everyone, including white males, is less likely to be called an idiot by their friends (let alone teachers or parents) today than 30 years ago. And especially if most of verbal abuse one endures in life is non-racial (which is probably true), then it is entirely possible for a group that is more targeted by verbal racism to be less sensitive to it than other groups while still being more sensitive in general simply because verbal abuse in general (especially for non-racist reasons) is in decline (assuming it is).
Nathan Taylor
Nov 17 2021 at 2:21pm
Haidt would say rich whites are over coddled as well (as per Haidt’s observations). So rich white men don’t have it tough.
Now. There’s a language trick going on here where “whites” (by white college grads) actually refers lower class non-educated whites. So it’s low class whites who are facing added abuse.
So it’s fair to ask whether lower class white males are stronger or not. Of course we know non-college whites have reduced life expectancy and more drug abuse. Not everyone can be Rob Henderson. So I guess your argument still holds. But I think saying all white men face extra abuse is an err. The most visible white men are college grads, and they are coddled.
steve
Nov 17 2021 at 3:35pm
Never hear the term white male where I work or among friends. I think that is mostly reserved for the internet and social media. For myself I intend to keep telling blonde jokes since I enjoy the art of telling a good joke. If I have a female audience I will occasionally offset with a man joke. Kind of seems fair but more importantly its just fun. Way too many sensitive people running around and way too much playing the victim.
Steve
David Seltzer
Nov 17 2021 at 4:08pm
Coddling ay result in two not seen consequences. The weak will not flourish and the self possessed will succeed. Personal story. I was an instructor in finance at Loyola of Chicago. I was teaching CAPM and derivatives. I told the class that while the course work is not easy I will do all I can to help any student(s) who struggle. I said: as students you’ve have purchased a product, this class, paid for in the form of tuition. All of you are free to do what you please with it. I don’t care what you do with it. Soon I was called to the Dean’s office as a complaint was lodged against me. Some said I didn’t care about them. I explained that they were free to choose as to the effort they intended to put into the course and I, like the butcher who sells filet mignon, don’t care whether the buyer cooks it to his taste or gives it to his pooch. I was asked to apologize or clarify my statement. I refused as I did nothing inappropriate. To have done so would have been a disservice to the complainants as I would have reinforced their insecurities.
Dan
Nov 17 2021 at 7:06pm
A moderate degree of adversity is necessary, but not sufficient towards developing resiliency. The adversity should also encourage virtuous behavior such as hard work, persistence against failure, and resourcefulness towards overcoming obstacles.
The disdain towards white males disparages achievements (e.g. reaching high positions or volunteering solutions) while encouraging negativity (e.g. complaining or framing personal problems as social problems). This won’t raise tough people, but pathological behaviors. The amount of adversity is secondary to the bad character of the adversity.
At best, the disdain mostly just encourages ignoring the general scolding. Which will raise white males to be shameless.
Prester John
Nov 17 2021 at 9:18pm
Fourth possibility: they’re right that coddling produces weakness, but abuse doesn’t produce resilience.
This is intuitively true. Giving a person unlimited dessert and no exercise produces weakness, lassitude, and depression. However, starving him and working him to death in forced labor under the lash of the whip produces malnutrition, weakness, and early death.
A moderate, nutritious diet and strenuous exercise produces strength. Likewise, if you want to raise strong-minded children, you neither verbally abuse them, subject them to humiliation, and starve them of affection nor do you protect them from all trial, praise them endlessly, and tell them that they are perfect how they are.
It is naive to believe that the often subtle but constant undercurrent of derogatory talk about white privilege and toxic masculinity would produce a strong, visible, and pointed effect of weakness or strength. Rather, one should assume that the effect will vary based on the context and whether one is in a hostile environment or not.
Talk about toxic masculinity and white privilege makes it easy to distinguish who I should associate with and who I shouldn’t, the same way more ordinary forms of racism and sexism are red flags for association. It’s made me more canny and circumspect about revealing my true opinions, and cautious about throwing in my lot with strangers—you never know about their true colors. I am certainly less generous, because I’m careful not to put my money in the hands of people who are hostile to people with my skin color, genitalia, or sexuality. And I trust institutions less, because I’ve seen how easy it is for the bureaucracy to mouth equity platitudes but turn their backs on people like me. Is this strength? I don’t think so. It’s just more signs of societal trust disintegrating. But what choice do they give me?
nobody.really
Nov 17 2021 at 9:57pm
Or, as Friedrich Nietzsche said, “That which does not kill you gives you a lot of unhealthy coping mechanisms and a really dark sense of humor.” [rough translation]
Atanu Dey
Nov 18 2021 at 11:31am
Very well said. Thanks.
Infovores
Nov 17 2021 at 11:03pm
White males aren’t so much facing an absence of coddling as a fundamental diminishing of their worth. High demands and expectations are good for children, while discouragement and outright disdain are detrimental.
Even though white men were held in higher esteem in past generations, they weren’t coddled in the way students of any race, albeit to varying degrees, are today.
Monte
Nov 18 2021 at 12:08am
I believe this part of the quote was originally by Emily Dickinson. And if we accept its premise, then the Jewish and Black communities must be the most resilient among us.
Paul A Sand
Nov 18 2021 at 6:33am
One way to firm up this impression might be to look at mental illness demographics.
Joshua K
Nov 18 2021 at 11:45am
None of those. IIRC antifragile is inspired by weight lifting, which uses Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (stimulus-recovery-adaptation). This has a few implications:
Adaptations are specific. You don’t train for a marathon with heavy deadlifts; lectures on white privilege don’t increase tolerance of physical pain.
Changes are adaptations, not necessarily improvements. Additionally, adaptations often come with drawbacks, e.g. lots of muscle increases calorie needs and impairs distance running.
Let’s apply to today’s white men. Expect some hyperbole to aid in illustration.
White men are verbally denigrated and ostracised by institutions (stimulus). Expected adaptations? I’d say (i) mistrust of institutions, (ii) reduced reliance on institutions (depending instead on family, friends or self-reliance), and (iii) lower vulnerability to identity-based verbal abuse (with possible carry-over to verbal abuse in general).
These seem supportable contentions.
Ben O'Neill
Nov 18 2021 at 5:15pm
If I may offer an economic theory that resolves your apparent contradiction:
Like many other personal skills/virtues, anti-fragility is something that operates *ceteris paribus* — a person is more anti-fragile if they are more able to handle *the same circumstances* (or circumstances of equivalent difficulty) that others. The benefits of anti-fragility accrue when a person is exposed to a period of adversity, but if the oppression/adversity of a group is ongoing (or even increasing) then the developed anti-fragility is not going to show up in raw terms relative to others because they are not being compared *ceterius paribus*. That is, the high level of ongoing oppression/adversity means that the anti-fragility is being used merely to sustain the same outcomes in a more adverse situation.
Markers of anti-fragility are most likely to show up clearly when two conditions are met: (1) a person is exposed to a period of adversity where they develop anti-fragility; and (2) that negative condition is later removed so that you see the person operating in a less adverse environment (i.e., *ceteris paribus* with others). For comparative purposes, differences in fragilty will show up when two different people who come from drastically difference circumstances are then placed in circumstances with the same level of adversity.
To give a broader historical perspective, if you were to go back in history and look at American blacks during slavery, Jim Crow, etc., I think it would be fair to conclude that they were less fragile than their white contemporaries, due to the oppression/adversity they were subjected to. To take an extreme example, compare a black slave to a pampered land-owning white person who has been raised in a wealthy family and never had to work. In this circumstance, the black guy is probably going to be significantly more resilient to adversity than the white guy. However, in the ordinary course of that circumstance, you wouldn’t necessarily notice that the black guy is less fragile than the white guy because they are in vasty unequal circumstances — the black guy uses all his anti-fragility just to get through his day while the white guy encounters very little that requires anti-fragility. If anything, the black guy might even complain about his circumstances more (which is of course entirely justified) which is a marker of *greater* frragility. Now, if you were to take these two people and supplant them into the same circumstance (e.g., something in between those two extremes, like life as a working class person who is not a slave) then you would immediately see that the black guy is coping much better than the white guy. That is anti-fragility.
Coming back to the present day, the harrassment and belligerence against white males is an *ongoing* circumstance (and maybe even increasing) so whatever anti-fragility white males have developed from this, they are using it to sustain themselves in the ongoing adverse circumstance. They may well be developing certain aspects of toughness, but they are using them. (This is also complicated by a complex mixture of circumstances for yougn white males; on the one hand they are exposed to this racist belligerence, but on the other hand their generation is incredible coddled in other respects. The net effect on them is probably still that they are quite fragile compared to older generations of white males.)
Cheers,
Ben O’Neill
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