There are good arguments to the effect that nobody should be “canceled”; but if somebody should, it would be Karl Marx. For all we know, he was a bigot and a racist who even used the N-word, something worse for the current dominant culture than what many did who were canceled or will soon be. One of economist Walter Williams’s columns was titled “The Ugly Racism of Karl Marx.”
The main economic argument against the cancel culture is that of John Stuart Mill in On Liberty: freedom of speech is necessary in the search for any sort of truth. Not only do mobs historically and literally lynch unpopular individuals, but the fear of the mob also reduces the incentives to look for the truth and turns many people into wimps. Anybody can make youth errors but they are easily forgivable when the author later changes his mind; he should certainly not be punished simply for having been wrong (assuming he did not physically lynch anybody).
It is true that free speech does not—or should not—allow one to shout what he wants in somebody else’s living room or on a platform that belongs to somebody else. But we can still forcefully argue that the owners of private “speakers’ corners” should not be intimidated by witch-hunting mobs, especially when these mobs, as they nearly always do, are asking for the support of the government’s armed agents. The universities where the woke-cancel culture thrives do not belong to the wokes. And certainly, the state should not subsidize activism and speech against free speech.
The economist’s individualist methodology as well as the individualist values it often nurtures lead to the belief that an individual is not to be judged by the group, racial or whatever, to which he “belongs.” In a New York Times article (“A Profession With an Egalitarian Core,” March 16, 2013), Tyler Cowen illustrated the economists’ individualist values:
In 1829, all 15 economists who held seats in the British Parliament voted to allow Roman Catholics as members. In 1858, the 13 economists in Parliament voted unanimously to extend full civil rights to Jews. (While both measures were approved, they were controversial among many non-economist members.) For many years leading up to the various abolitions of slavery, economists were generally critics of slavery and advocates of people’s natural equality.
Two economists, David Levy and Sandra Peart, explained that Thomas Carlyle, a 19th-century man of the right, called economics “the dismal science” because economists opposed slavery. Levy and Peart write:
Carlyle attacked [economist John Stuart] Mill … for supporting the emancipation of slaves. It was this fact—that economics assumed that people were basically all the same, and thus all entitled to liberty—that led Carlyle to label economics “the dismal science.”
Carlyle was not alone in denouncing economics for making its radical claims about the equality of all men. Others who joined him included Charles Dickens and John Ruskin.
Back to Marx, whose ideas led to the death of tens or hundreds of millions of individuals and to the impoverishment of even more. It is true that (contrary to what the typical woke seems to think) words do not kill; killers kill and rulers impoverish. Marx’s free speech was helpful in the pursuit of truth: without him, how would we know, except theoretically, where theories like his naturally lead?
So what did Marx wrote that should kick him out of the New York Times, Teen Vogue, and many places of high dominant culture? But before that, remember how, after a 45-year career at the New York Times, Donald McNeil was recently harassed into resigning for having said the N-word in a conversation about somebody else who had used the word, notwithstanding his apologies. (I can only hope that speaking about somebody who spoke about somebody who used the N-word won’t bring my own cancellation.) In a similar fashion, Alexi McCammond was fired from a new job at Teen Vogue: a decade ago, the young (black) woman had apparently penned racist and anti-homosexual tweets for which she grovelingly apologized before the large masses.
Marx did not live long enough to be devoured by his revolutionary comrades as often happens. The French Revolution and Stalins’s multiple “disappeared” comrades provided dramatic illustrations. Wokes are now banning their own comrades from the bien-pensant society.
So here is finally (thanks for your patience!) an excerpt of a letter Marx wrote to Friedrich Engels on July 30, 1862:
The Jewish nigger Lassalle who, I’m glad to say, is leaving at the end of this week, has happily lost another 5,000 talers in an ill-judged speculation. The chap would sooner throw money down the drain than lend it to a ‘friend,’ even though his interest and capital were guaranteed. … It is now quite plain to me—as the shape of his head and the way his hair grows also testify—that he is descended from the negroes who accompanied Moses’ flight from Egypt (unless his mother or paternal grandmother interbred with a nigger). Now, this blend of Jewishness and Germanness, on the one hand, and basic negroid stock, on the other, must inevitably give rise to a peculiar product. The fellow’s importunity is also niggerlike.
This letter, written in German, is translated and reproduced in Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, Collected Works (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985), pp. 388-391. It is important to note that Marx wrote the N-word in English as reproduced above; he occasionally wrote other foreign words in their original language (see the preface to the Collected Works, p. XXXVIII). The same translation appears on a Marxist website, the Marxists Internet Archive 0r MIA. The site owners explain:
The MIA aims to maintain an archive of any and all writings which are Marxist or relevant to the understanding of Marxism and can be lawfully published. In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist, sexist or other distasteful views. The MIA generally does not “filter out” such views … The MIA does not endorse any of the views expressed by any of the writers included here, which are provided solely for the information of the reader.
A few years before the complete Moscow edition, a different translation of selected letters, including that of July 30, 1862, was made available by an American publisher: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Selected Letters: The Personal Correspondence, 1844-1877 (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1981), pp. 81-82.
When he wrote the incriminating letter, Marx was angry with his democratic socialist “friend” Ferdinand Lassalle for refusing to lend him money. Lassalle was Jewish and, as far as we know, had no black ancestor. Marx apparently thought or wanted to think the contrary. We can bet that no such excuse would spare any victim of woke cancellation. Moreover and paradoxically, Marx himself was Jewish, but attacking one’s own group identity must be another mortal sin for the wokes.
A possible excuse for Marx would be that he was a man of his time and that historical circumstances must be taken into account. Indeed, suppressing history prevents us from learning its lessons. But the cancel culture never accepts this excuse.
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P.S. (04-25-2021): Interestingly, the very same volume printed in Moscow that I cite in my post above is (or was) available under the imprint of International Publishers, a Marxist publisher founded in New York in 1924. As far as I can see, the only differences in the International Publishers edition are: (1) the publisher’s imprint on the title page; (2) on the copyright page, the addendum of the New York publisher’s name; (3) the Library of Congress catalogue data; (4) the latter replacing some short (catalogue?) inscriptions in Russian. Strangely (at least for a non-librarian), while the copyright is unchanged (“Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1985”), the Library of Congress data gives the copyright date as 1975.
READER COMMENTS
KevinDC
Apr 5 2021 at 11:06am
Marx himself was inconsistent on this point. He was very sympathetic to the idea that criminals are made to be criminals as a result of society, and that as a result criminals shouldn’t be punished – society should be reformed. As he put it in The Holy Family:
On the other hand, when others suggested to him that capitalists, too, were also forgivable due to being products of their environment, he rejected that idea. In a letter sent to an assembly of socialists, he wrote:
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 5 2021 at 12:39pm
Thanks, KevinDC. That’s a very interesting addendum to my post. We can find your last quote from Marx and Engels on the marxists.org website at https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1879/letters/79_09_15.htm.
Weir
Apr 6 2021 at 3:56am
Karl Marx in 1853: “Indian society has no history at all, at least no known history. What we call its history is but the history of the successive intruders who founded their empires on the passive basis of that unresisting and unchanging society. The question, therefore, is not whether the English had a right to conquer India but whether we are to prefer India conquered by the Turk, by the Persian, by the Russian, to India conquered by the Briton.”
Sidney Hook in 1989: “Marx ignored all the psychological forces of pride, tradition, cultural autonomy that may lead people to resist modernization and Westernization. One may wonder if the fetish of national independence was worth the nine million lives lost in consequences of the departure of the British Raj, and cite the complaints of the Sikhs, Moslems, Sinhalese, Tamil minority ethnic groups today, that they are less safe in their lives and prosperity since the British left. It would still not serve as a justification for imperial rule imposed on a people that does not want it. Perhaps the best answer to Marx’s tribute to the progressive character of British rule was made by an Indian patriot and jurist addressing his British colleagues: ‘Yes, you gave us law and justice, roads, public hygiene and hospitals, museums, parks and much else. But you took away what we now value much more, our sense of self-respect.'”
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 6 2021 at 10:56am
Interesting issue, Weir—which, I would suggest, is more complicated than it looks like. The problem looks very different if one looks at it from an individualist, as opposed to collectivist, perspective. Marx had no concern for the individual, and it shows in his historicism too. From your second quote, Sidney Hook was not more of an individualist. (Is the quote from the young Hook?) Certainly, the “nine million [individual!] lives lost in consequences of the departure of the British Raj” have their importance. Compared to that, “our sense of self-respect” invoked by an “Indian patriot,” draped in the vacuous “our,” is an organicist construct that was certainly not shared by all Indians and certain not only the nine millions who lost their lives. Adam Smith’s economic argument against colonialism is much more convincing.
Weir
Apr 7 2021 at 5:58am
What Joe Henrich calls “the perspective of most human communities” is very much a collectivist perspective.
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 7 2021 at 6:58pm
Weir: This tribal hard-wiring was what Hayek feared for the Great Society, wasn’t it?
Weir
Apr 8 2021 at 4:29am
Or Karl Popper: “Our civilization has not yet fully recovered from the shock of its birth–the transition from the tribal or ‘closed society,’ with its submission to magical forces, to the ‘open society’ which sets free the critical powers of man.”
Or Ernest Gellner: “The Enlightenment correctly characterised the basic features of the world it was rejecting; it was mistaken in thinking that world, and the oppression and superstition it lived by, to be simply the fruit of human stupidity, of lack of ‘Enlightenment.'”
Or Joshua Mitchell: “Identity politics rejects the model of traditional give-and-take politics, presupposing instead that the most important thing about us is that we are white, black, male, female, straight, gay, and so on. Within the identity-politics world, we do not need to give reasons–identity is its own reason and justification. Because identity politics supposes that we are our identities, politics does not consist in the speech, argument, and persuasion of normal politics but instead in the calculation of resource redistribution based on identity–what in Democratic parlance is called ‘social justice.’ The irony of identity politics is that it does not see itself as political; it supposes that we live in a post-political age, that social justice can be managed by the state, and that those who oppose identity politics are the ones ‘being political.’ What speech does attend this post-political age consists in shaming those who do not accept the idea of identity politics–as on our college campuses. In the 1960s, college students across the country fought so that repressed ideas would receive a fair hearing. These days, college students fight to repress all ideas except one: identity politics.”
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 8 2021 at 9:45am
Striking quote from Mitchell! Where is it from? “Social justice,” Anthony de Jasay calls “democratic values” created by the state.
Mark Brady
Apr 6 2021 at 2:32pm
The quotation is from the elderly Sidney Hook. You’ll find it in the Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, Vol. 62, No. 4 (Mar., 1989), pp. 707-715. He died in July 1989.
I recommend that you read the quotation from Hook in context.
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 6 2021 at 4:49pm
Mark (and Weir): Thanks for the precise citation of Hook. Indeed, reading him in context deflates my criticism above. Hook writes:
He even suggests the hypothesis, without explicitly endorsing it, that the sense of self-respect he talked about might have been acquired at the contact of Western culture via the Brits.
Frank
Apr 7 2021 at 7:41pm
Would we wish to cancel Hitler? If so why; if not, why not?
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 7 2021 at 8:49pm
Frank: I thank I answered your question:
Individuals like Hitler or Chavez or Maduro did not just express opinions. They physically lynched many people. They should be canceled (“should have been” for Hitler and Chavez and other dead thugs) in the sense that they should be in jail or should have been executed.
Frank
Apr 7 2021 at 9:33pm
… they should be in jail or should have been executed.
Agreed. Cancelled means more like not allowed to read their works. So, how about Hitler?
Pierre Lemieux
Apr 7 2021 at 11:29pm
Yes, “Congress shall make no laws … abridging the freedom of speech,” including that of Marx, Hitler, Trump, Krugman, or their publishers or followers. This is in line with Mill’s argument. See the argument in one of my posts.
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