The team behind the Sokal 2.0 hoax self-consciously targeted what they call “grievance studies.” What ties all their targets together? My preferred answer is that grievance studies embrace both antipathy and self-pity. Or to be more precise, each of these fields intellectually justifies:
(a) Antipathy for a large, unselective group.
(b) Encouragement of self-pity for the alleged victims of the aforementioned large, unselective group.
Feminism, for example, normally combines antipathy for men with encouragement of self-pity for women. Ethnic studies normally combines antipathy for whites with encouragement of self-pity for the relevant ethnicity. Sexuality studies normally combines antipathy for cisgendered heterosexuals with encouragement of self-pity for everyone else. While I don’t claim that every person working in these areas embraces antipathy and self-pity, these fields would be unrecognizable without their antipathy and self-pity.
I realize that this is an unflattering portrait, but please don’t caricature my position. I’m not saying that grievance studies is about groups “hating their oppressors and feeling sorry for themselves.” “Antipathy” is milder than hate, and you don’t have to belong to group X to encourage its members to feel self-pity. Indeed, there’s no reason why a fan of grievance studies couldn’t accept my characterization, then add, “In this case, antipathy and self-pity are justified.”
But what if, like me, you deplore all theories of collective guilt? You could just condemn the standard examples of “grievance studies” and move on.* But the judicious move is to see whether the standard list is complete. All of Sokal 2.0’s targets were decidedly left-wing. Does grievance studies have any right-wing analogues?
If you limit your domain to academia, maybe not. Given left-wing dominance in higher education, that’s hardly surprising. But you only have to mildly expand the search grid to find thriving examples of right-wing grievance studies.
First and foremost, there is “right-wing populism” also known as “nativism” or just “anti-immigration movements.” While I don’t think it’s fair to say that the typical member of these groups hates foreigners, their antipathy is obvious – and so is their eagerness to make native-born Americans feel sorry for themselves. Look, for example, at the Center for Immigration Studies website. What will you see, day in, day out? First, constant negativity toward the foreign-born, a tireless and one-sided effort to enumerate complaints. Second, promotion of self-pity for native-born Americans: “Oh, this poor abused people, when will the globalist politicians finally hear their pleas?” (If you want to see an even more extreme version of nativist grievance studies, check out the Social Contract).
The same goes for the numerous conservatives eager to escalate the “clash of civilizations” between the West and Islam. Though it seems unfair to accuse them of outright “hatred” for Muslims, it also seems blind to deny their antipathy. Whenever I privately discuss Islam with them, their distaste for Muslims is obvious. And so is their gospel of self-pity: “We have the military strength to settle this clash of civilizations once and for all, but lack the moral courage to defend ourselves. Our weakness will be our undoing.” (Needless to say, the Muslim world is also saturated with its own versions of grievance studies).
Isn’t there any important difference between left- and right-wing grievance studies? The fundamental question, too big to address here, is the extent to which each grievance study’s antipathy and self-pity are justified. The more visible difference, though, is that left-wing grievance studies is too drenched in obscure academic jargon to reach the common man. Right-wing grievance studies, in contrast, attempts to speak to the masses in their own language, which sharply increases the probability that politicians will eventually make their brand of antipathy and self-pity the law of the land.
* The Sokal-2.0 team states that their papers “span at least fifteen subdomains of thought in grievance studies, including (feminist) gender studies, masculinities studies, queer studies, sexuality studies, psychoanalysis, critical race theory, critical whiteness theory, fat studies, sociology, and educational philosophy.” To my mind, sociology – a extremely diverse field – clearly does not belong on this list; and no sociology journals were successfully hoaxed. I’m also puzzled by the inclusion of “educational philosophy.”
READER COMMENTS
Joseph E Hertzlinger
Oct 9 2018 at 4:15pm
It looks like The Social Contract is a contract in restraint of trade.
Alan Goldhammer
Oct 9 2018 at 5:05pm
Greievance studies should be restricted to ones behavior at funerals. Any other extrapolation is educationally and ethically worthless.
Julien Couvreur
Oct 9 2018 at 5:49pm
Did you forget libertarian grievance studies? 😉
Mark Z
Oct 9 2018 at 11:03pm
How can libertarians constitute a victim group when there’s only one true libertarian?
Weir
Oct 9 2018 at 6:28pm
“After a confirmation process where women all but slit their wrists, letting their stories of sexual trauma run like rivers of blood through the Capitol, the Senate still voted to confirm Judge Brett M. Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court.”
No jargon there. And that’s in The New York Times.
That’s the paper of record right now. Which means it’ll be the law of the land soon enough. There are politicians who find this line of argument convincing and logically compelling.
Arguments like this, attacking Susan Collins for her crime of making a reasoned argument instead: “These women are gender traitors, to borrow a term from the dystopian TV series ‘The Handmaid’s Tale.’ They’ve made standing by the patriarchy a full-time job.”
These words were actually published in The New York Times: “The people who scare me the most are the mothers, sisters and wives of those young men, because my stupid uterus still holds out some insane hope of solidarity.”
This line of reasoning: “Meanwhile, Senator Collins subjected us to a slow funeral dirge about due process and some other nonsense I couldn’t even hear through my rage headache as she announced on Friday she would vote to confirm Judge Kavanaugh.”
Kgaard
Oct 9 2018 at 8:14pm
False equivalence. The right is fighting for the ability to speak scientific truth. The left is fighting to suppress it. Until that changes (and it never will) the right will have the moral high ground.
Philo
Oct 10 2018 at 11:41am
False equivalence? Apparently you missed this sentence: “The fundamental question, too big to address here, is the extent to which each grievance study’s antipathy and self-pity are justified.“
Hazel Meade
Oct 10 2018 at 12:15pm
Right, because the intellectual inferiority of black people is “scientific truth”, as with the supposed inferiority of women in math and science.
Poor us,all we want to do is announce the obvious truth about the superiority of white men, and people are just SO MEAN about it!
Kgaard
Oct 10 2018 at 2:59pm
Hazel you are making my point. Ridicule is not argument.
Hazel Meade
Oct 10 2018 at 5:20pm
Neither is getting all aggrieved when other people dont accept your “scientific truths” at face value.
Kgaard
Oct 10 2018 at 5:48pm
There is no “my” truth and “your” truth. We make arguments. You rebut my arguments, I rebut your arguments. Whoever’s arguments remain at the end are as close to truth as we’re capable of getting between the two of us.
This is the only process worthy of respect.
Hazel Meade
Oct 11 2018 at 11:34am
So far, you have not made an argument. All you have done is made an assertion about a grievance – the left is trying to stop you from speaking “scientific truths”. My entire point is that that isn’t a legitimate grievance because those things are NOT “scientific truths” and to claim it as such is to demand that other people simply accept what you assert as facts to be facts without argument.
Jay
Oct 12 2018 at 7:40am
@Hazel- A few decades back, the American Psychological Association decided that there was “urgent need for an authoritative report” on IQ scores and related issues. They concluded that the white-black difference in IQ was about a standard deviation, IQ tests did not under-predict black performance in IQ-related matters, and IQ is substantially genetic. You can read it yourself here: http://differentialclub.wdfiles.com/local–files/definitions-structure-and-measurement/Intelligence-Knowns-and-unknowns.pdf
It also claimed that black performance might be improving over time, but from a 2018 perspective that seems less likely.
I want to be clear here: I don’t know anything about this issue or have any real understanding of such matters except what I’ve read in this report and related literature. I don’t test people’s IQs or genes; any understanding that I have is secondhand.
It is also worth mentioning that these are not the experimental results that I would wish for. Strangely, nature never asked me for my input.
George Henderson
Oct 9 2018 at 8:19pm
But – are any of your examples peer-reviewed journals? They don’t seem to carry much academic weight.
It’s no surprise that people on the right are able to think and sometimes to write.
(I’m tempted to invert this as well but I’m afraid you’ll think I read Chesterton).
They can even organise – we’ve seen them win elections, after all. But they don’t seem to have any voice in the type of scholarship that directly interprets, and somewhat mendaciously attacks, “their” world.
If I was positing a scientific hypothesis, I would welcome all attempts to refute it. Even misguided attempts at doing so would still be extremely valuable if they illuminated different aspects of a question, or forced me to define myself more clearly. Grievance studies lack – indeed actively and fiercely avoid – this checking mechanism. For example, few journals on subjects concerning sex and sexuality will still accept contributions from gender-critical feminists or support research into the causes of rapid onset gender dysphoria; editors have been fired for less.
Science and taboo are antithetical; where one exists the other cannot stay.
Mark
Oct 9 2018 at 11:02pm
In my view, for a “grievance study” to be justified, the aggrieved person must at a minimum be willing to trade places with the target of the grievance. Otherwise, the aggrieved person would essentially be admitting that he is in fact better off than the target of the grievance. This is why I have always found the right-wing version grievance studies much more alarming. No allegedly aggrieved right-wing American would actually trade places with an immigrant or person on welfare, whereas many left-wing racial minorities would certainly trade places with a white person were it possible. The left-wing version of grievance studies therefore strikes me as mere jealousy whereas the right-wing version strikes me as hate or disgust.
Kgaard
Oct 9 2018 at 11:56pm
Mark that is a very strange standard you are applying. You seem to be saying that an existing nation does not have grounds to gripe about immigrants if they would not want to trade places with said immigrants.
It is wiser to take into account the differing evolutionary strategies of successful host nations and the immigrants drawn to them. Then extrapolate forward 50-100 years and think about what the future will look like. The issue is not really “grievance” it is more like “defense.” A good example is the Burmese against the Rohingya Muslims. The global elites are on the side of the Rohingya but the Burmese have the better argument. They understand Islam, its tenets, and its evolutionary strategy.
Mark Z
Oct 9 2018 at 11:16pm
I think grievance politics is actually fairly ubiquitous these days. We no longer live in a society where might makes right. We have institutions that purport to make decisions or dole out resources and privileges based on some conception of fairness. So how do you get things in the modern world? By convincing the institutions (or the general public) that you’re owed something, and even better, that someone in particular owes it to you. So I don’t think it’s necessarily about self-pity so much as convincing others that one is owed a moral debt. It’s a competition for moral currency.
Practitioners of seek to avert allegations of collective guilt, more over, by claiming when one person benefits from wrong-doing done at another’s expense, the former owes the latter material recompense even though they are not necessarily morally responsible; or by arguing that the ‘wrongdoing’ is ongoing, and that the punishment is really just restitution. Hence the concept of privilege: the theory goes that by virtue of belonging to group X, you receive the equivalent of $Y per year in ‘privileges.’ So, taxing all people belonging to X $Y per year may seem like punishment, but it’s actually remedying what was supposedly taken and given to them unjustly. Members of group X are only indignant, it is claimed, because they are ignorant of the’privilege check’ they’ve been getting in the proverbial mail.
Shane L
Oct 10 2018 at 7:26am
I’m not sure of the ethics of this hoax, but in any case I wondered if perhaps it should be more general. That is, how easy is it to get nonsensical papers published in other fields? Can you slip nonsense past economics journals or military history journals? It could be that journals are too lax right across the board – how do we know it is a problem with these particular fields?
Matthias Goergens
Oct 12 2018 at 5:48am
See http://slatestarcodex.com/2014/04/28/the-control-group-is-out-of-control/
nobody.really
Oct 10 2018 at 11:56am
• Anyone read the Declaration of Independence lately? Once you skip pass all that preamble nonsense (“We hold these truths to be self-evident….”), you get to the meat of the document: A list of grievances. Man, what a bunch of whiners.
• Or read the words of Fredrick Douglass? Talk about a complainer.
• Susan B. Anthony? Bitch, bitch, bitch….
• Jonas Salk? A guy who spent his whole life studying polio, yet could never think of a nice thing to say about it….
• Christians? Guys, IT’S BEEN NEARLY 2000 YEARS; at what point can we say, “Come on—forget the Alamo already…”?
Seriously: If you want to improve the world, you start by pointing out whatever it is that you want to change. And as students of Prospect Theory know, people respond more strongly if you can phrase things as a loss rather than a potential for gain. Thus, while we might prefer if social reformers promoted their ideas by talking about how much better the world would be if we did X, in practice people seem more motivated if you tell them how much they’re losing because we don’t do X. If you shift people’s frame of expecting the goal, they grow less tolerant of not achieving it.
Can we think of some standard for distinguishing between legitimate grievances and illegitimate ones? I’m intrigued by Mark’s test of a willingness to trade places. Any other tests we might apply?
Jay
Oct 12 2018 at 4:34pm
If you want to improve the world, you start by pointing out whatever it is that you want to change.
I agree, but there’s a crucial next step that distinguishes potential progress from mere whining. You have to formulate some concrete plan for improvement. The Declaration of Independence had a plan – revolting against England and becoming an independent federation of states. It wasn’t perfect*, but it was largely successful on its own terms. I’m still not really sure that, exactly, the Black Lives Matter movement wants to achieve in policy terms.
*= As a general rule, “concrete” and “not perfect” are synonyms. Ideals are simple and perfect, reality is complex and requires compromises.
Jay
Oct 12 2018 at 4:35pm
oops: sure what, exactly
Hazel Meade
Oct 10 2018 at 12:10pm
You left out some of the most obvious examples of right-wing grievance communities:
Men’s rights activists (MRA), with the associated subspecies of incels, PUAs, and red-pillers. These people are kind of mirror images of the worst feminists – endless grievances against “women” in general and self-pity for the fact that men rely on them for sex.
The alt-right – including white nationalists, and various practitioners of white identity politics. Always an endless list of complaints about Black Lives Matter, black people in general Hispanics, immigrants, and a sense of victimization (self-pity) that the “liberal media” won’t take them seriously or address what they see as the victimization of whites by a coordinated conspiracy of liberal elites. I don’t know how this doesn’t fit in your paradigm.
Might as well toss in Sad Puppies and Gamergaters here – both groups of aggrieved mostly white men who are pissed off that books/games that involve women or people of color get too much attention and critical acclaim, something they regard as “PC”, instead of giving the accolades to books that traditional gamer/sci-fi audiences perfer – i.e. stories featuring heroic white men.
George Henderson
Oct 10 2018 at 8:11pm
Sure, all this is true. But where are these views accepted by peer-reviewed journals? Where is the men’s rights gender studies department? The red pill philosophy department?
All sorts of people have grievances. The question is whether these are allowed into academia, especially in the form of arguments that depend on linguistics rather than data, maths, and logic.
Here Helen Pluckrose lays out the importance of science to the liberal left, and the context for the problem she and her colleagues exposed.
https://areomagazine.com/2018/08/23/no-we-are-not-right-wing-we-are-liberal-lefties-and-we-are-many/
Amy Willis
Oct 11 2018 at 10:10am
Purely FYI, in case you missed it, Pluckrose (and Lindsay) were guests on EconTalk in February of this year, and the conversation was based in large part on that essay. Here’s the link: http://www.econtalk.org/helen-pluckrose-and-james-lindsay-on-the-enemies-of-modernity/
Hazel Meade
Oct 11 2018 at 11:37am
Bryan addresses that in his post:
Right-wing grievance studies, in contrast, attempts to speak to the masses in their own language, which sharply increases the probability that politicians will eventually make their brand of antipathy and self-pity the law of the land.
In other words, the left has more power in the world of academia, but in some ways the right has more power because they are more populist.
Jay
Oct 13 2018 at 8:29am
The Republicans control both houses of Congress, the Presidency, the Supreme Court, and most of the country’s state legislatures. They could easily wipe out the university Left if they wanted to by simply stopping the funding. They keep the academic Left around for pretty much the same reason that the Harlem Globetrotters keep the Washington Generals around; it’s often handy to have somebody to score points off of.
Mark Z
Oct 13 2018 at 11:22am
You’re an ardent supporter of the BLM movement right? It would seem then you’d be sympathetic to men’s rights activism. After all, being a man apparently does even more to increase one’s likelihood of being killed or otherwise brutalized by police than being black does. White men are much more likely to be killed by police than black women. In fact, many of the grievances often levied on behalf of black people would apply just as well to men – sentencing and other disparities in the criminal justice system, higher rates of homelessness, lower quality health care, less likely to be adopted, etc. It’s always struck me as curious that people who tend to be selectively credulous and sympathetic toward one group are almost invariably selectively incredulous and indifferent toward the other.
Hazel Meade
Oct 15 2018 at 3:32pm
I wouldn’t say I’m an “ardent supporter”. I think Black Lives Matter has started a healthy dialogue about race and police brutality and criminal justice reform. I think we should encourage that dialogue because it could lead to some important policy reforms, (probably already has when it comes to civil asset forfeiture reform).
And the problem with MRA isn’t so much the concept of focusing on areas of the law where men get treated unfairly (imo, parental custody, alimony), but that the MRA forums tend to be swamped out with misogynistic trash talking about “women” in general. it’s sort of an example of a movement that might have been once good in concept but has been completely taken over by overtly sexist low-lifes.
Mark Z
Oct 16 2018 at 1:21am
I would say that the ‘racialization’ of the dialogue actually helped poison it. Now most people it seems have been conditioned to automatically either side with the dead black person (even if the homicide was clearly justifiable) or the cop (even if it clearly wasn’t). I think the movement did what movements do: it took an issue replete with complex tradeoffs (e.g., the fact that black communities are most in need of policing due to higher rates of crime vs. the inevitable disproportionate effect of policing gone awry when black communities are more heavily policed) and turned it into an emotional ‘oppressor vs. oppressed’ narrative.
And with respect to MRAs, I don’t think this is remotely peculiar to them. Go to any popular, non-academic feminist forum (and some academic ones even); do they talk about ‘men’ in general any more charitably?
I’m not so much trying to vindicate the MRA movement as pointing out that identity-based movements all almost invariably devolve into bigotry, and resentment toward the out-group inevitably becomes a unifying characteristic of the movement. Such movements always just seem to me like nationalism, only with categories like gender, race, class, rather than nationality; some just happen to be more socially acceptable at a given time than others.
Hazel Meade
Oct 16 2018 at 4:14pm
I would say that the ‘racialization’ of the dialogue actually helped poison it. Now most people it seems have been conditioned to automatically either side with the dead black person (even if the homicide was clearly justifiable) or the cop (even if it clearly wasn’t).
Well, why would mentioning race poison a dialogue? To me, that really just indicates there are a lot of white people who are really, really, touchy about the subject of race. Which is wierd because you would think it would be black people who would be touchy. I understand why blacks would be sensitive on the subject of race, but I don’t really understand why whites would get so defensive about it.
Mark Z
Oct 16 2018 at 10:16pm
“Well, why would mentioning race poison a dialogue? To me, that really just indicates there are a lot of white people who are really, really, touchy about the subject of race. Which is wierd because you would think it would be black people who would be touchy. I understand why blacks would be sensitive on the subject of race, but I don’t really understand why whites would get so defensive about it.”
I see no reason why you would jump to the conclusion that this indicates white people are touchy about it. It seems like just as much an indication that black people are touchy about it, or both. Why do you automatically attribute it to white people? White people are not unique in their capacity to be irrational about matters of race. I know it’s largely considered a right wing position, but I happen to think racial ‘animus’ is a universal phenomenon against which no race can (for innate or cultural or ‘historical’ reasons) claim to be inoculated.
And imo it makes every bit as much sense for white people to be touchy as it does for black people to be touchy about it. If the BLM movement is as irrational as I think it is (that is, it mostly misattributes racial disparities in police homicides to racism when in fact they are due mostly to existing racial disparities in criminality), and is successful as a movement, rather than succeeding in mitigating police racism, it will mainly instead succeed in forcing many police forces to be more lenient toward black criminals or suspected criminals in order to avoid transgressing implied quotas. To a white person who is more threatened by crime than by police, his ‘touchiness’ is entirely rational.
James
Oct 10 2018 at 3:56pm
Conservatives sometimes claim a grievance about schools indoctrinating their children with values concerning sexuality that directly contradict Christian teaching on those topics. One example from California’s Assembly Bill 329:
“(5) Instruction and materials shall affirmatively recognize that people have different sexual orientations and, when discussing or providing examples of relationships and couples, shall be inclusive of same-sex relationships.”
Funny how it works, because if the law said that instruction should recognize lgbtq behavior as a perversion or even a statistical risk factor for certain diseases, someone would claim that this was a way of using schools to teach kids that a specific religion is true. But it’s fine to teach kids to believe that religion is false.
In academia, I think George Yancey may be the only professor publishing on this sort of thing.
nobody.really
Oct 10 2018 at 10:52pm
Caplan then provides a link that offers the following definition: “feminism: the view that society generally treats men more fairly than women.” No discussion of antipathy toward men. Indeed, the linked text acknowledges that roughly a third of men identify as feminist.
Ironically, Caplan also provides a link to his post decrying the use of argumentative definitions.
What gives?
Mark Z
Oct 11 2018 at 3:50pm
The link, I assume, was to provide a consensus definition, not to back up a claim. Nor is the number of men that identify as feminist relevant; feminists themselves wholly believe women can be misogynists, so there’s no reason men can’t have antipathy toward men (see Joss Whedon’s attitudes toward men as an example).
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