The Economist has an excellent piece on the link between nationalism and corruption:
Tunisia reflects a global trend: more leaders are using nationalism as a tool to amass power—and to abuse it (see chart 1). Whereas nationalism was once a means to dismantle deplorable colonial empires, it is increasingly becoming a device to remove legitimate constraints on government power. Leaders who chafe at checks and balances need a pretext to scrap them. They cannot admit that they want to muzzle the press and purge the courts because they find it irksome to follow the rules and would prefer to rule with unfettered authority. So they accuse journalists and judges of being traitors, or agents of foreign powers.
After declining during the neoliberal era, nationalism has been increasing since 2012:
They discuss a University of Gothenburg Study that found a link between rising nationalism and rising levels of corruption:
We combined our measure of how nationalist governments are with data on perceptions of public-sector corruption from Transparency International (ti) for the years 2012 to 2021. Using a statistical model, we found that where governments rely on nationalist rhetoric to stay in power, experts think the public sector is much more corrupt (see chart 2). Moreover, comparing countries with themselves over time, going back to 2012, we find that more nationalist rhetoric has been associated with more corruption, and less nationalism with less corruption. Both these findings remain true after controlling for average incomes, and changes in them, and worldwide trends in nationalism and corruption.
Nationalism also reduces the quality of governance, and makes a country more violent:
A paper co-written by Abhijit Banerjee, a Nobel prize-winning economist, found that when voters pick candidates by ethnicity instead of, say, probity or competence, they end up with less honest, less competent representatives.
Andreas Wimmer of Columbia University crunched data from nearly 500 civil wars and found that when political parties are ethnically based, civil war is nearly twice as likely. And instability is perhaps 30 times as likely if the country in question is neither a dictatorship (which can crush unrest before it escalates) nor a full democracy (where disputes are typically resolved peacefully). In short, when a leader invokes blood and soil, expect things to get bloody, or soiled.
There is only one point on which I disagree:
Nationalism can be positive or negative. The positive sort—love of one’s country—can be a force for good.
I’d call love of one’s country “patriotism”, not nationalism:
1. A patriot believes free trade makes their country richer. A nationalist fears dependence on foreigners.
2. A patriot believes immigration makes their country stronger. A nationalist fears immigrants will change the culture.
3. A patriot supports equal rights for women and gays. A nationalist views women’s rights and gay rights as a suspicious foreign idea.
4. A patriot wants to teach children a true version of their country’s history. A nationalist wants schools to conceal their country’s crimes.
5. A patriot views all citizens as being of equal worth. A nationalist sees minority groups as being less than equal citizens.
6. A patriot wishes to work peacefully with other nations. A nationalist is suspicious of international agreements to promote peace and trade.
In the future, I believe 2012 will come to be seen as the year when the world started a long period of political decline—much like 1913 in the previous century. A period of rising statism in economics and rising nationalism in politics. I fear that we are still in the early stages of this new era.
READER COMMENTS
Pierre Lemieux
Sep 16 2023 at 10:15pm
Scott: I liked this Economist article too–even including what you did not like in it! I didn’t find the time to write about the article (the harvest is plentiful but the laborers are few) and I am happy you did. About my disagreement, which is probably only on terminology: It seems to me that “patriot” is a weasel term: Trumpians call themselves “patriots” as well as people who like the place they live in, often because it is freer (or less unfree) than other places in the wide world.
Richard Fulmer
Sep 17 2023 at 12:13am
Not encouraging with identity politics on the rise on both the left and the right.
Thomas Hutcheson
Sep 17 2023 at 7:17am
Well done.
I’d say that love of one’s country can’t really BE love if it’s not if it’s not “warts” and all.
steve
Sep 17 2023 at 7:24pm
Agreed. I think the people most likely to lay claim to the title of patriot now are the ones who selectively idealize parts of our history and ignore other parts they dont like. They also tend to pretty aggressively hate about half of the people living in the US. Only some people are “real Americans”.
Steve
TMC
Sep 18 2023 at 10:55am
“are the ones who selectively idealize parts of our history and ignore other parts they don’t like.” Exactly the same with the America haters, so not much of a distinction
Dylan
Sep 17 2023 at 7:50am
While the hypothesis that nationalism leads to more corruption is believable, I’m skeptical that we can measure either of those sides without a lot of subjectivity getting embedded in the analysis.
And, like Pierre, I disagree on your patriotism vs. nationalism. It appears that you have defined patriot as a bunch of stuff I agree with and nationalist as being against those, which doesn’t appear a particularly useful definition.
I don’t know if mine is any better, but in the context of the U.S. at least, I like the idea that a patriot is someone who lives for the ideals the country was founded on and a nationalist more about the country itself, right or wrong. For me, someone burning a U.S. flag to protest something they think goes deeply against the founding ideals of the country is the embodiment of a patriot. Where a nationalist will be more likely to defend the internment of Japanese in WWII.
Matthias
Sep 19 2023 at 7:00am
Most patriots today would be in favour of the ideals they think their country was founded on. Not what their country was actually founded on. That’s true for the US, but even more so for eg the UK or Portugal or China etc, which didn’t have such clear founding moments.
Scott Sumner
Sep 17 2023 at 9:34am
I think the problem here is partly with the term “nation”, which (in English) can mean ethnic group or political entity. As a practical matter, in the real world nationalism is about ethnicity, not country. Thus Hungarians nationalists include all ethnic Hungarians, even if living in Romania, but do not include the Roma living in Hungary. Hindu nationalists exclude Muslims, while Chinese nationalists exclude Uyghurs. French nationalists exclude North Africans. In America, white nationalists look down on people from “****hole nations”. I recall one white nationalist complaining that certain parts of the country didn’t “look like America”. Her vision of “America” was not Detroit or East LA or Chinatown.
This was also true in Europe during the 1920s and 1930s. Obviously people are free to define “nationalist” in any way they wish. I’m merely pointing out that in the real world nationalism does not mean patriotism, it means something more specific and more sinister. When I was in high school, we were taught that nationalism had led to two world wars. People seem to have forgotten this history.
I agree that people can differ as to what sort of policies are patriotic. I merely wished to provide a list of policies that I strongly believe make a country better, but that nationalists would typically oppose. The concepts are quite different, even if patriotism is hard to define.
tryna help
Sep 17 2023 at 11:05am
Excellent follow-up to your post. This may be essential for understanding the difference between nationalism and patriotism.
I would note that budget cutbacks caused both the BBC and Voice of America to stop broadcasting shortwave to China in Mandarin in 2011 and in doing so become internet-only services. I wonder where else shortwave was discontinued and what other languages were dropped. It is interesting that in the graph you duplicated, the “world average” in the political use of nationalism started to rise right after that happened.
Scott Sumner
Sep 17 2023 at 10:47pm
Penny wise and pound foolish?
tryna help
Sep 19 2023 at 3:03am
Yes, I think they saved a mere 8 M dollars a year. Shortwave broadcast in Mandarin needs to be re-instituted and shortwave in general needs to be expanded because privacy protection is difficult on the internet for consumers of media.
TMC
Sep 18 2023 at 11:06am
“Obviously people are free to define “nationalist” in any way they wish. I’m merely pointing out that in the real world nationalism does not mean patriotism”
So, that the problem. No, you can’t just re-define terms any way you wish. ‘In the real world’ patriotism is a subset of nationalism. Yes, nationalism can get too extreme, and can be abused. Any extreme is bad though.
Jon Murphy
Sep 18 2023 at 12:09pm
I agree that words have meaning, which is why the relationship you describe between Patriotism and Nationalism is inversed. Nationalism is a subset (and extreme subset) of patriotism, not vice versa. At least if we follow the definitions Vince provides.
tryna help
Sep 19 2023 at 2:55am
But I don’t think Scott Sumner is redefining the dictionary. If you look at the dictionary, nationalism is defined around “nation-state”, “nation”, and “cultural or ethnic group”, in other words, tribalism. By contrast patriotism is defined around “country”, “country”, and “country” if we refer to what vince posted below in the comments.
TGGP
Sep 20 2023 at 11:04am
Hinduism is a religion, not an ethnicity. Pakistan was split from India because the Muslim League did not want to be subjects of a majority Hindu republic. The Mohajirs who moved from Indian territory to Pakistan spoke Urdu, very close to Hindi. The Bengali speakers of East Pakistan did not want to have Urdu forced on them, so they had a nationalist revolt against their West Pakistani rulers. Because Pakistan is a multi-ethnic state only bound together by religion, their government will always oppose ethnonationalism in favor of religious identity. Similarly, historically in Europe the Catholic Church was a transnational institution aligned with the “ancien regime” of throne & altar, opposed by nationalists who regarded the volk as the source of political authority.
Women’s/gay rights is a separate issue from patriotism/nationalism, even if you personally approve of them.
vince
Sep 17 2023 at 1:18pm
The American Heritage Dictionary makes it easy to see why nationalism and patriotism are used interchangeably. According to the most common definitions, nationalism and patriotism both refer to devotion to country, but nationalism can (or not) imply “excessive or undiscriminating devotion”.
From the dictionary, nationalism and then patriotism.
1. Devotion, especially excessive or undiscriminating devotion, to the interests or culture of a particular nation-state.
2. The belief that nations will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.
3. The belief that a particular cultural or ethnic group constitutes a distinct people deserving of political self-determination.
1. Love of and devotion to one’s country.
2. Love of one’s country; the passion which moves a person to serve his country, either in defending it from invasion or in protecting its rights and maintaining its laws and institutions.
3.Love of country embodied or personified; patriots collectively.
Scott Sumner
Sep 17 2023 at 6:21pm
These dictionary definitions are not very useful—they don’t reflect the way that terms are used in the real world.
steve
Sep 17 2023 at 7:26pm
Assuming this is the same paper Cohen highlighted they provided a pretty good working definition of nationalism that they used.
Steve
vince
Sep 17 2023 at 1:20pm
Should we engage in completely free trade, even unilaterally, with Nationalist (in the worst sense) countries?
Jon Murphy
Sep 17 2023 at 1:58pm
Yes, but nationalist (in the worst sense) tend to be very protectionist (see, eg, Trump), so even if we are willing to engage in trade, their governments are unlikely to allow it.
Scott Sumner
Sep 17 2023 at 6:23pm
I generally favor free trade with countries, except those that illegally invade other countries. (I.e. Russia.)
Jose Pablo
Sep 18 2023 at 7:09pm
But Jon’s answer has a very interesting tweak: for the most part (leaving SOEs apart) countries don’t trade, inviduals do.
I guess that some Russian individuals willing to trade with individuals in other countries, sure do not support the invasion of Ukraine
E. Harding
Sep 26 2023 at 12:30pm
What about Turkey (Syria, Cyprus), Israel (Palestine, Syria), Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh), or the U.S. (Syria)?
Alexandre Tobias
Sep 17 2023 at 6:30pm
Scott: in the Brazilian case, if there is the emergence of nationalism (I don’t think anyone can infer this based on the phenomenon of Bolsonarism), it happened precisely in reaction to the corruption practices of past governments.
Mactoul
Sep 17 2023 at 10:22pm
Any virtue in nationalism is particularly hard to see if one regards nations as administrative (in) conveniences at best.
Why does such reprehensible sentiment attract so many?
And didn’t the Western countries rise to greatness on basis of the similar sentiments?
Jon Murphy
Sep 18 2023 at 7:20am
The post is about nationalist, not nations.
Mactoul
Sep 20 2023 at 2:37am
The point about immigration is hard to understand. Why should a patriot think that immigration would make his country strong?
Ot is it only meant to apply to American patriots?
Was Enoch Powell a patriot or a nationalist?
He of the river of blood speech.
We must be mad, literally mad, as a nation to be permitting the annual inflow of some 50,000 dependents, who are for the most part the material of the future growth of the immigrant descended population. It is like watching a nation busily engaged in heaping up its own funeral pyre.
Jon Murphy
Sep 21 2023 at 4:03pm
Because that’s the overwhelming evidence provided by history, both in the US and in the world experience. When immigrants were welcomed (or, at least, not hindered) ncountries flourish. When immigration is discouraged and hindered, countries die.
Mark Z
Sep 18 2023 at 3:20am
1 – 6 is just Russell conjugation.
For much of the 19th century, interestingly, nationalism was likely associated with less corruption. It could be that nationalism tends to be less corrupt than the pre-nationalist ‘ancien regime’ it typically replaces, but still more corrupt than what succeeded it (‘post-nationalist’ liberal democracies). But it could also just be though that nationalism has become a low-status ideology in most of the world, and thus has a constant shortage of competent people to draw from as personnel, and ends up being dominated by incompetent, self-interested, or cynical types. In the early/mid 1800s, the best and brightest and most principled people (in Europe at least) tended to be nationalists, whereas in the 2020s, the best and brightest and most principled tend to be anti-nationalist and cosmopolitan.
Scott Sumner
Sep 18 2023 at 11:43am
Good points. Another example is “populism”. At times, this has been a positive ideology. In the world of 2023, however, populism has become very destructive.
Classical Liberal
Sep 18 2023 at 11:29am
Well, you’re certainly a ray of sunshine these days! What happened to all of your “everywhere you look, history is ending” posts from 10 years ago? If you say that’s because things have changed, how do you know they won’t change back 10 years from now and that your 2012 prediction won’t turn out to be correct? In other words, how sure are you really that the black line in the chart above will continue to rise. To me, it’s difficulty to have conviction in that prediction. I could just as easily see Russia others becoming cautionary tales that countries would see to avoid emulating.
Scott Sumner
Sep 18 2023 at 11:41am
Good point, I don’t know. But I do note that these swings in world history tend to go on for multiple decades.
Brandon
Sep 18 2023 at 4:51pm
Hayek and Mises both wrote a lot about nationalism. (They had less to say about corruption, because in the multipolar environment they were in violence was a bigger problem than corruption.)
They put forth some solutions to the problem of national sovereignties, too…
Jose Pablo
Sep 18 2023 at 6:56pm
They discuss a University of Gothenburg Study
My understanding was that the data used in the analysis was coming from the V-Dem Institute but the analysis was made by The Economist.
Jose Pablo
Sep 18 2023 at 7:03pm
Another very interesting part of the article:
“By vowing to guard Tunisian from a phantom menace (the menace that “hordes of irregular inmigrants were plotting to change Tunisia’s demography and bringing violence, crimes and unaccepable practices”), he (Tunisia’s president) has rallied them behind him”
Does it sound familiar?
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