"F. A. Hayek and the Rebirth of Classical Liberalism"

[The two major sections of this volume first appeared as articles in Economica as A-46 (1942-1944) and A-42 (1941), respectively: the third study first appeared as A-70 (1951). Hayek analyzes the intellectual origins of social planning and engineering. Topics covered include: scientism and the methodology of studying society, collectivism, historicism, non-spontaneous or rationalistic social planning, as well as the role of Saint-Simon, Comte, and Hegel in legitimizing scientistic sociology.]

[Though published in 1952, the “whole principle” of The Sensory Order was conceived 30 years earlier by Hayek in a draft of a student paper composed around 1919-1920, while he was still uncertain whether to become a psychologist or an economist. Three decades later his concern about the logical character of social theory led him to reexamine favorably his youthful conclusions on certain topics of epistemology and theoretical psychology: concepts of mind, classification, and the ordering of our mental and sensory world. In his 1952 Preface Hayek acknowledges his indebtedness “particularly” to Ernst Mach and his analysis of perceptual organization.]

B-11The Political Ideal of the Rule of Law. Cairo: National Bank of Egypt, Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Lectures, 1955, 76 pp. [Publication of four lectures Hayek delivered at the invitation of the National Bank of Egypt. These essays form a historical survey of the evolution of freedom and the rule of law in Britain, France, Germany, and America.]

[Reprinted in a revised, edited, and abridged format as Chapters 11 and 13-16 of Hayek’s B-12; Chapters 11 and 16 of the B-12 version were reprinted under the title, The Rule of Law. Menlo Park, California: Institute for Humane Studies (Studies in Law, No. 3), 1975.]

German translation: Die Verfassung der Freiheit. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche and wirtschaftrechtliche Untersuchungen No. 7), [J. C. B. Mohr/P. Siebeck], 1971. (Spain 1961, Italy 1971, China [Taipei] 1975).

[Hayek composed the Preface of The Constitution of Liberty on his 60th birthday (May 8, 1959). He intended this survey of the ideals of freedom in Western civilization to commemorate the centenary of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty (1859). In “Acknowledgments and Notes” he describes the various preliminary drafts and versions he incorporated into this volume; also see B-11. Hayek stresses the working of the liberal, spontaneous order of society, which is too complex to be subjected to social planning and engineering.]

[This volume of 25 essays contains reprints of articles and speeches by F. A. H. as well as previously unpublished writing and speeches over a 20-year period preceding 1967. Reprints (often revised) include: A-76, A-102, A-103b, A-112, A-108, A-115, A-65, A-68, A-99a, etc. Consult volume to determine other essays published for the first time. The scope of topics includes essays on epistemology, history of ideas, specialization, Hume, spontaneous order, the liberal social order, the transmission of liberal economic ideas, and a variety of other topics on philosophy, politics, and economics.]

B-14 Freiburger Studien. Gesammelte Aufsätze. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche und wirtschaftsrechtliche Untersuchungen 5) J.C.B. Mohr/P. Siebeck, 1969, 284 pp.

[“Freiburg Studies. Collected Essays.” German anthology of Hayek’s essays. Contains German versions of such items as P-9 and P-10.]

A trilogy published in the following sequence:

Vol. I, Rules and Order, 1973

Vol. II, The Mirage of Social Justice, 1976

Vol. III, The Political Order of a Free People, 1979

These volumes are also available in paperback, Phoenix Books editions of the University of Chicago Press. A French translation, Droit, Législation et Liberté, is available from Presses Universitaires de France in the Collection Libre échange, edited by Florin Aftalion and Georges Gallais-Hamonno.

[Vol. I distinguishes between liberal spontaneous order (‘cosmos’) and planned or engineered, rationalistic social orders (‘taxis’). Hayek also traces the changing concept of law, principles vs. expediency in politics, and the ‘law of legislation’.]

[Vol. II outlines the meaning of justice in the free, liberal social order, critiques the notion of ‘social’ or distributive justice, and contrasts it with the market order or ‘catallaxy’, the regime of the Open Society.]

[This volume of 20 essays supplements Hayek’s earlier Studies (B-13) by reprinting in a more accessible form some of his earlier articles and unpublished lectures not reprinted in Studies. Reprints include P-11a, P-9, A-121, P-10, A-127, P-9, A-131a, A-136a, A-116, A-113. Consult New Studies for titles of essays not previously published. Ranging over themes from philosophy, politics, economics, and the history of ideas, Hayek analyzes such topics as constructivism, the ‘atavism of social justice’, liberalism, the dangers of economic planning, and the ideas of Mandeville, Smith, and Keynes. Chapter 2 reprints his 1974 Nobel Prize speech, “The Pretence of Knowledge.”]

[Vol.III concludes Hayek’s trilogy. Hayek exposes the weakness inherent in most forms of democratic government and outlines his alternative constitutional, political, and legal arrangements to create a democratic order that would be consistent with the free society. The Epilogue, “The Three Sources of Human Values,” reprints Hayek’s Hobhouse Lecture delivered at the London School of Economics, May 17, 1978.]

P-1Das Mieterschutzproblem, Nationalökonomische Betrachtungen. Vienna: Steyrermuhl-Verlag, Bibliothek für Volkswirtschaft und Politik, No. 2, 1929. [“The Rent Control Problem, Political Economic Considerations.” Hayek’s later article (A-9b) was adapted from P-1 (the more detailed study on the effects of rent control) and both were used to form the substance of Hayek’s “The Repercussions of Rent Restrictions,” in F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, et al., Rent Control: A Popular Paradox. Evidence on The Effects of Rent Control. Vancouver: The Fraser Institute, 1975, pp. 67-83; this last volume grew out of an earlier version: Arthur Seldon, ed. Verdict on Rent Control. London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1972.]

P-2Freedom and the Economic System. University of Chicago Press (Public Policy Pamphlet No. 29. Harry D. Gideonse, editor), 1939, iv, 38 pp.

[Reprinted in an enlarged form from Contemporary Review (April 1938).]

P-3The Case of the Tyrol. London: Committee on Justice for the South Tyrol, 1944. [F. A. H. advocates Tyrolean autonomy independent of Italian hegemony. Compare with Hayek’s article A-53 (1944).]

P-4Report on the Changes in the Cost of Living in Gibraltar 1939-1944 and on Wages and Salaries. Gibraltar, no date (1945).

P-5Individualism: True and False. (The Twelfth Finlay Lecture, delivered at University College, Dublin, on December 17, 1945.) Dublin: Hodges, Figgis & Co. Ltd. 1946; and Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd. 1946, 38 pp.

[Reprinted in Individualism (B-7), chapter 1. German edition: “Wahrer and Falscher Individualismus.” Ordo 1, 1948. Spain, 1968. Also reprinted in the various translations of B-7.]

P-6Two Essays on Free Enterprise. Bombay: Forum of Free Enterprise, 1962.

P-7Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik. Freiburger Universitätsreden, N.F. Heft 34, Freiburg im Breisgau: H.F. Schulz, 1963, 24 pp.

[English version, “The Economy, Science and Politics,” chapter 18 of B-13. The original (in German) was Hayek’s inaugural lecture on the assumption of the professorship of Political Economy Albert Ludwig University at Freiburg im Breisgau, June 18, 1962.]

P-8Was der Goldwährung geschehen ist. Ein Bericht aus dem Jahre 1932 mit zwei Ergänzungen. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge und Aufsätze, 12), 1965, 36 pp. (France 1966): Révue d’Economie Politique 76 (1966), for French version.

[“What Has Happened to the Gold Standard. A Report Beginning with the Year 1932 with Two Supplements.”]

P-9The Confusion of Language in Political Thought With Some Suggestions for Remedying It. London: Institute of Economic Affairs (Occasional Paper 20), 1968/1976, 36 pp.

[Lecture originally delivered in 1967 in German to the Walter Eucken Institut at Freiburg im Breisgau. Reprinted in English as Chapter 6 of B-17, and in German as “Die Sprachverwirrung im politischen Denken” in B-14.]

P-10Der Wettbewerb als Entdeckungsverfahren. Kiel: (Kieler Vorträge, N.S. 56), 1968, 20 pp.

[“Competition as a Discovery Procedure.” Originally delivered in English as a lecture to the Philadelphia Society at Chicago on March 29, 1968 and later on July 5, 1968, in German, to the Institut für Weltwirtschaft of the University of Kiel. The German version was published first, but it lacked the final section found in the English version published in Chapter 12 of New Studies (B-17). The German version also was reprinted in F. A. H.’s German collection of essays entitled Freiburger Studien (B-14), 1979.]

P-11aDie Irrtümer des Konstruktivismus und die Grundlagen legitimer Kritik gesellschaftlicher Gebilde. Munich-Salzburg 1970/2 (also 1975 edition). Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge und Aufsätze 51), 1975. (Italy, 1971).

[Reprinted with some changes as “The Errors of Constructivism” (Chapt. 1) of B-17.]

P-11bA Tiger by the Tail: The Keynesian Legacy of Inflation. A 40 Years’ Running Commentary on Keynesianism by F. A. Hayek. Compiled and introduced by Sudha R. Shenoy. London: Institute of Economic Affairs (Hobart Paperback #4), 1972; 2nd edition 1978, xii, 124 pp. Also reprinted, San Francisco: The Cato Institute (The Cato Papers, No. 6), 1979. See A-130.

P-11cDie Theorie Komplexer Phänomene. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge and Aufsätze 36), 1972.

[English version, “The Theory of Complex Phenomena” appears in Chapter 2 of B-13. This essay originally appeared in English in M. Bunge, ed. The Critical Approach and Philosophy. Essays in Honor of K. R. Popper. New York: The Free Press, 1964.]

P-12Economic Freedom and Representative Government. Fourth Wincott Memorial Lecture delivered at the Royal Society of Arts, Oct. 21, 1973. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs (Occasional Paper 39), 1973, 22 pp.

[Appears as Chapter 8 of B-17.]

P-13Full Employment at Any Price? London: Institute of Economic Affairs (Occasional Paper 45), 1975/1978, (Italy 1975), 52 pp.

[Three Lectures. Lecture 1: “Inflation, The Misdirection of Labour, and Unemployment; Lecture 2: “The Pretence of Knowledge” (Hayek’s 1974 Nobel Prize Speech); Lecture 3: “No Escape: Unemployment Must Follow Inflation.” A Short Note on Austrian Capital Theory is added as an Appendix. Reprinted as Unemployment and Monetary Policy. San Francisco: Cato Institute (Cato Paper No. 3), 1979, 53 pp.]

P-14Choice in Currency. A Way to Stop Inflation. London: Institute of Economic Affairs (Occasional Paper 48), February 1976/1977, 46 pp.

[Based on an Address entitled “International Money” delivered to the Geneva Gold and Monetary Conference on September 25, 1975 at Lausanne, Switzerland.]

P-15Drei Vorlesungen über Demokratie, Gerechtigkeit und Sozialismus. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge und Aufsätze 63 [J.C.B. Mohr/P. Siebeck]), 1977. [“Three Lectures on Democracy, Justice, and Socialism.”]

P-16aDenationalisation of Money: An Analysis of the Theory and Practice of Concurrent Currencies. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs (Hobart Paper Special 70), October 1976, 107 pp.

P-17The Reactionary Character of the Socialist Conception, Remarks by F. A. Hayek. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1978.

P-18Economic Progress in an Open Society. Seoul, Korea: Korea International Economic Institute (Seminar Series No. 16), 1978.

P-19 “The Three Sources of Human Values.” The Hobhouse Lecture given at the London School of Economics, May 17, 1978. Published in the Epilogue to Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. III. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979 (B-18).

[German translation: “Die drei Quellen der menschlichen Werte.” Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge und Aufsätze 70) [J. C. B. Mohr/P. Siebeck], 1979.]

P-20Social Injustice, Socialism and Democracy. Sydney, Australia, 1979.

P-21Wissenschaft und Sozialismus. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut, (Vorträge und Aufsätze 71) [J. C. B. Mohr/P. Siebeck], 1979.

[“Science and Socialism.”]

P-22Liberalismus. Translated from English by Eva von Malchus. Tübingen: Walter Eucken Institut (Vorträge und Aufsätze 72) [J. C. B. Mohr/P. Siebeck 1979], 47 pp.

[“Liberalism”] Reprint-translation into German of article in New Studies (B-17).

E-1 Hermann Heinrich Gossen. Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fliessenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln. Introduced by Friedrich A. Hayek. 3rd edition. Berlin: Prager, 1927, xxiii, 278 pp.

[“The Laws of Human Relationships and of the Rules to be Derived Therefrom for Human Action.” Cf.: A-15. Gossen’s (1810-1858) fame rests on this one book, first published in 1854, in which he developed a comprehensive theory of the hedonistic calculus and postulated the principle of diminishing marginal utility. He thereby anticipated the marginal utility breakthrough in the theory of economic value in 1871 by Menger, Jevons, and Walras.]

E-2 Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser. Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Edited with an introduction by Friedrich A. von Hayek. Tübingen: Mohr, 1929, xxxiv, 404 pp.

[This edition includes von Wieser’s Collected Writings published between 1876 and 1923. Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (1851-1926) was Hayek’s mentor at the University of Vienna and represented the “older Austrian school” of Economics. See A-4 and A-125b.]

[Reprinted New York: Augustus M. Kelley (1967), 1970 from the 1935 edition; reprinted Clifton, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley, 1975. Hayek’s Introductory Chapter 1 deals with “The Nature and History of The Problem” of socialist calculation. Hayek’s concluding chapter concerns “The Present State of the Debate.” Mises’ (1881-1973) article “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth” (translated from the German by S. Adler), chapter 3, had set off the debate when it appeared originally under the title “Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im sozialstischen Gemeinwesen” in the Archiv für Socialwissenschaften 47 (1920). N.G. Pierson’s (1839-1909) article, “The Problem of Value in the Socialist Community,” chapter 2, originally appeared in Dutch in De Economist 41 (s’Gravenhage, 1902): 423-456.]

E-6 Boris Brutzkus. Economic Planning in Soviet Russia. Edited and prefaced by Friedrich A. Hayek. London: George Routledge & Sons, 1935; xvii, 234 pp.

E-7The Collected Works of Carl Menger. 4 volumes with an Introduction by F. A. von Hayek. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science (Series of Reprints of Scarce Tracts in Economic and Political Science No. 17-20), 1933-1936.

Volume 1: Grundsätze der Volkswirthschaftslehre (1871) 1934.

Volume 2: Untersuchungen über die Methode der Socialwissenschaften (1883) 1933.

Volume 3: Kleinere Shriften zur Methode und Geschichte der Volkswirthschaftlehre (1884-1915) 1935.

Volume 4: Schriften über Geldtheorie und Währungspolitik (1889-1893), 1936.

[Vol. 1 contains a biographical introduction to Menger by Hayek. Vol. 4 contains a complete list of Menger’s known writings.]

Later 2nd German edition: Carl Menger, Gesammelte Werke. 4 vols. Tübingen, 1968-1970.

[“Collected Works”]

E-8 Henry Thornton. An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (1802). Edited and introduced by Friedrich A. Hayek. London: Allen and Unwin, 1939, 368 pp.

E-9 John Stuart Mill, The Spirit of the Age. Introduced by F. A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942, xxxiii, 93 pp.

[Hayek’s Introduction is entitled, “John Stuart Mill at the Age of Twenty-Four,” and surveys Mill’s intellectual development at the time of Mill’s famous essay, “The Spirit of the Age,” which represented important deviations from Benthamite Utilitarian liberalism.]

E-10Capitalism and the Historians. Edited and introduced by F. A. Hayek. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954, 188 pp.

[The inspiration for the several papers presented was The Mont Pélèrin Society meetings held at Beauvallon in France in September 1951 on the distortions of historians and intellectuals in describing Capitalism and The Industrial Revolution. Hayek’s Introduction (pp. 3-29) is entitled “History and Politics” and is reprinted in B-13 and (in German) as “Wirtschaftsgeschichte and Politik” [“Economic History and Politics”] in Ordo 7 (1955): 3-22. T. S. Ashton’s first chapter is “The Treatment of Capitalism by Historians”; L. M. Hacker’s second chapter is entitled “The Anticapitalist Bias of American Historians”; Bertrand de Jouvenel contributed chapter 3, “The Treatment of Capitalism by Continental Intellectuals”; T. S. Ashton’s chapter 4, “The Standard of Life of the Workers in England, 1790-1830,” originally appeared in The Journal of Economic History, Supplement 9, 1949; the final article by W. H. Hutt, “The Factory System of The Early Nineteenth Century,” originally appeared in Economica (March 1926). Hayek’s volume provoked many pro and con reviews. A sampling: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Reporter (March 30, 1954): 38-40; Oscar Handlin, The New England Quarterly (March 1955): 99-107; Charles Wilson, Economic History Review (April 1956); Asa Briggs, The Journal of Economic History (Summer 1954); W. T. Eastbrook, The American Economic Review (September 1954); Max Eastman, The Freeman (February 22, 1954); Helmut Schoek, U.S.A. (July 14, 1954); Eric E. Lampard, The American Historical Review (October 1954); and John Chamberlain, Barron’s (January 4, 1954.)]

E-11 Louis Rougier. The Genius of the West. Introduction by F. A. v. Hayek. Los Angeles: Nash Publishing (published for the Principles of Freedom Committee), 1971, pp. xv-xviii.

E-12 Gerald P. O’Driscoll, Jr. Economics as a Coordination Problem. The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek. Foreword by F. A. Hayek. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, Inc., 1977, pp. xi-xii.

A-1a “Das Stabilisierungsproblem in Goldwährungsländern.” Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Sozialpolitik, N.S. 4 (1924).

[“The Stabilization Problem for Countries on the Gold Standard.” See note A-2a for the biographical context of Hayek’s first two article publications. The journal in which Hayek published some of his first articles was closely associated with the Austrian School of economics through its editorial direction. It underwent several name changes:

1892-1918: The journal was known as Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwaltung. Organ der Gesellschaft österreichischer Volkswirt. [“Journal of Political Economy, Social Policy, and Administration. Publication of the Society of Austrian Political Economy”], and was published in Vienna by F. Tempsky.

1919-1920: Suspended publication.

1921-1927: It was known as Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Socialpolitik. [“Journal of Political Economy and Social Policy”] and was published in Vienna and Leipsig by F. Deuticke.

After 1927, the journal was superseded by Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie. [“Journal of National Economy”]. See Bibliography A-22, etc.

The heavily Austrian School of economics-oriented editorial staff included:

1892-1918 Ernst von Plener (1841-1923)

1892-1914 Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914)

1892-1907 Karl Theodor von Inama-Sternegg (1843-1908)

1904-1916 Eugen von Philippovich (1858-1917)

1904-1918 Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser (1851-1926)

1911-1916 Robert Meyer (1855-1914)

1921-1927 R. Reisch (1866-?), Othmar Spann (1878-1950), and others.]

A-1b “Diskontopolitik und Warenpreise.” Der österreichische Volkswirt 17 (1,2), (Vienna 1924).

[“Discount Policy and Commodity Prices.”]

A-2a “Die Währungspolitik der Vereinigten Staaten seit der überwindung der Krise von 1920.” Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Sozialpolitik. N.S. 5 (1925).

[“The Monetary Policy in the United States Since Overcoming the Crisis of 1920.” Both this article and A-1a grew out of Hayek’s post-graduate studies in America which he pursued from March 1923 to June 1924 at New York University. On the chronology of the Nobel Prize biography of Hayek: Official Announcement of the Royal Academy of Sciences, republished in the Swedish Journal of Economics 76 (December 1974): 469 ff. Also see Machlup, ed. (1976), pp. 16-17, as well as the annotation in the present Hayek Bibliography on item A-64. Hayek’s American academic sojourn took place while he was on a leave of absence from his Austrian civil service position (1921-1926) as a legal consultant (along with Ludwig von Mises) for carrying out the provisions of the Treaty of St. Germain, see Bibliography A-145, p. 1 for Hayek’s anecdote and background for his introduction to von Mises through von Wieser.]

A-2b “Das amerikanische Bankwesen seit der Reform von 1914.” Der österreichische Volkswirt 17 (29-33), (Vienna 1925).

[“The American Banking System since the Reform of 1914.”]

A-3a “Bemerkungen zum Zurechnungsproblem.” Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 124 (1926): 1-18.

[“Comments on the Problem of Imputation.” On the valuation of Producer goods. Compare Wilhelm Vleugel’s Die Lösung des wirtschaftlichen Zurechnungsproblem bei Böhm-Bawerk und Wieser. Halle: Neimeyer (Königsberger Gelehrte Gesellschaft, Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse, Shriften, Vol. 7, part 5), 1930.]

A-3b “Die Bedeutung der Konjunkturforschung für das Wirtschaftsleben.” Der österreichische Volkswirt 19 (2), (Vienna 1926).

[“The Meaning of Business Cycle Research for Economic Life.”]

A-4 “Friedrich Freiherr von Wieser.” Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 125 (1926): 513-530.

[Commemorative article on the occasion of the death of Hayek’s Austrian School of economics mentor, von Wieser (1851-1926). Compare with Hayek’s later article on von Wieser in The International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1968, 1972). Also see E-2 (1929) Hayek’s German introduction and edition of von Wieser’s Collected Writings. A-4 translated into English in an abridged form appears in The Development of Economic Thought: Great Economists in Perspective. Edited by Henry William Spiegel. New York & London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1952, 1961, pp. 554-567.

A-5a “Zur Problemstellung der Zinstheorie.” Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 58 (1927): 517-532.

[“On the Setting of the Problem of Rent Theory.”]

A-5b “Konjunkturforschung in österreich.” Die Industrie 32 (30), (Vienna 1927).

[“Business Cycle Research in Austria.”]

A-6 “Das intertemporale Gleichgewichtssystem der Preise und die Bewegungen des ‘Geldwertes.’ ” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 28 (1928): 33-76.

[“The Intertemporal Equilibrium System of Prices and the Movements of the ‘Value of Money.’ “]

A-7a “Einige Bemerkungen über das Verhältnis der Geldtheorie zur Konjunkturtheorie.” Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik 173/2 (1928): 247-295. Also see same journal, Volume 175, for a discussion.

[“Some Remarks on the Relationship between Monetary Theory and Business Cycle Theory.”]

[See B-1 with annotation. The journal in which Hayek published this article was the publication of the influential Verein für Sozialpolitik, founded in 1872 by (among others) Gustav Schmoller (1838-1917). This organization for social reform did not express a monolithic unity of doctrine, but was, nevertheless, excoriated by its opponents as a union of ‘Professorial Socialists’ (Katheder Sozialisten). See the interesting group photograph of a meeting of the Verein at the University of Zurich, September 11-13, 1928, showing the wonderfully variegated grouping that includes Hayek, von Mises, Machlup, A. Rüstow, Hunold, Morgenstern, Strigl, and Sombart in Albert Hunold, “How Mises Changed My Mind.” The Mont Pélèrin Quarterly 3 (October 1961): 16-19. For background on the Verein, see Haney (1949), pp. 546, 820, 885. It was at the September 1928 meeting of the Verein that Hayek presented his paper, A-7a, which eventually grew into his Geldtheorie (1929).]

A-7b “Diskussionsbemerkungen über ‘Kredit und Konjunktur.’ ” Shriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik 175, Verhandlungen 1928, (1928).

[“Discussion Comments on ‘Credit and Business Cycle’ “… (Transactions 1928).]

A-8 “Theorie der Preistaxen.” Közgazdasági Enciklopédia, Budapest, 1929.

[In Hungarian-German printing.]

A-9a “Gibt es einen ‘Widersinn des Sparens’? Eine Kritik der Krisentheorie von W.T. Foster und W. Catchings mit einigen Bemerkungen zur Lehre von de Beziehungen zwischen Geld und Kapital.”

[“Is There a ‘Paradox of Saving’? A Critique of the Crises-Theory of W.T. Foster and W. Catchings with some Remarks on the Theory of the Relationship between Money and Capital.”] Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 1, no. 3 (1929): 125-169; revised and enlarged edition, Vienna: Springer, 1931.

[English version: “The Paradox of Saving.” Economica 11, no. 32 (May 1931). Reprinted in B-4 (“Appendix”). The English translation was done by Nicholas Kaldor and Georg Tugendhat.]

A-9b “Wirkungen der Mietzinbeschränkungen.” Munich: Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik 182 (1930)

[“The Repercussions of Rent Restrictions.” See P-1 for different treatments of the effects of rent control. A-9b formed the substance of Hayek’s article in the Hayek-Friedman volume mentioned in P-1.]

A-9c “Bemerkungen zur vorstehenden Erwiderung Prof. Emil Lederers.” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 1 (5), (1930).

[“Comments on the Preceding Reply of Prof. Emil Lederer.”]

A-10 “Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money of Mr. J. M. Keynes.” Economica 11, no. 33 (August 1931—Part I): 270-295.

[See also A-11b.]

A-11a “The Pure Theory of Money: A Rejoinder to Mr. Keynes.” Economica 11, no. 34 (November 1931): 398-403.

[In the same issue of Economica, pp. 387-397, Keynes’ article appears: “A Reply to Dr. Hayek.”]

A-11b “Reflections on the Pure Theory of Money of Mr. J. M. Keynes.” Economica 12 (February 1932—Part II): 22-44.

[See also A-10 and A-11a.]

A-11c “Das Schicksal der Goldwährung.” Der Deutsche Volkswirt 6 (20), (1932). [“The Fate of the Gold Standard.” See P-8.]

A-11d “Foreign Exchange Restrictions.” The Economist 6 (1932).

A-12 “Money and Capital: A Reply to Mr. Sraffa.” Economic Journal 42 (June 1932): 237-249.

A-13 “Kapitalaufzehrung.” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 36 (July 1932/II): 86-108.

[“Capital Consumption.”]

A-14 “A Note on the Development of the Doctrine of ‘Forced Saving’.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 47(November 1932): 123-133.

[Reprinted in B-4.]

A-15 “Gossen, Hermann Heinrich.” Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1932. Vol. 7, p. 3.

A-16 “Macleod, Henry D.” Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1933. Vol. 2, p. 30.

[Henry Dunning Macleod (1821-1902) was a Scottish economist who wrote The Theory and Practice of Banking, 2 vols, (1856) and The Theory of Credit, 2 vols, (1889-1891).]

A-17 “Norman, George W.” Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1933. Vol. 2.

A-18 “Philippovich, Eugen von.” Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1934. Vol. 12, p. 116.

A-19 “Saving.” Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1934. Vol. 13, pp. 548-552.

[Reprinted in revised form in B-4.]

[Hayek’s first inaugural lecture given at the University of London about a year after he assumed the Tooke professorship, in which speech he explained his general economic philosophy. See B-13, p. 254.]

A-21 Contribution to Gustav Clausing, ed. Der Stand und die nächste Zukunft der Konjunkturforschung. Festschrift für Arthur Spiethoff. Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1933.

[Translated into English in B-4 (Chapter 6) as “The Present State and Immediate Prospects of the Study of Industrial Fluctuations.” Arthur Spiethoff, (1873-1957), who is honored in this Festschrift, was born in 1873, studied under Schmoller, and devised a “non-monetary overinvestment theory” of the business cycle. See Haney (1949), p. 673.]

A-22 “über Neutrales Geld.” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 4 (October 1933).

[“Concerning Neutral Money.”]

A-23 “Capital and Industrial Fluctuations.” Econometrica 2 (April 1934): 152-167.

A-24a “On the Relationship between Investment and Output.” Economic Journal 44 (1934): 207-231.

A-24b “The Outlook for Interest Rates.” The Economist 7 (1934).

A-24c “Stable Prices or Neutral Money.” The Economist 7 (1934).

A-25 “Carl Menger.” Economica N.S. 1 (November 1934): 393-420.

[This is an English translation of Hayek’s Introduction to Menger’s Grundsätze in E-7. Reprinted in The Development of Economic Thought: Great Economists in Perspective. Edited by Henry William Spiegel. New York and London: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1952, 527-553. Also reprinted in Principles of Economics by Carl Menger. Translated by James Dingwall and Bert F. Hoselitz. With an Introduction by F. A. Hayek. New York & London: New York University Press, 1981, pp. 11-36. See A-131a.]

A-26 “Preiserwartungen, Monetäre Störungen und Fehlinvestitionen.” Nationalökonomisk Tidsskrift 73, no. 3 (1935).

[Reprinted in a revised form in B-4 as “Price Expectations, Monetary Disturbances and Malinvestments.” Originally delivered as a lecture on December 7, 1933 in the Sozialökonomisk Samfund in Copenhagen. First published in German and later in French in the Revue de Science Economique, Liège (October, 1935).]

A-27a “The Maintenance of Capital.” Economica N.S. 2 (1935): 241-276.

[Reprinted in B-4.]

A-27b “A Regulated Gold Standard.” The Economist (May 11, 1935).

A-28 “Spor miedzy szkola ‘Currency’ i szkola ‘Banking’.” Ekonomista 55 (Warsaw, 1935).

A-29 “Edwin Cannan” (Obituary). Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 6 (1935):246-250.

[Cannan (1861-1935) is also celebrated by Hayek in A-72. Cannan associated himself at the London School of Economics with a group who developed liberal theory. This group included Lionel Robbins, Cannan’s successor, and his colleague Sir Arnold Plant (see Plant, 1969), Sir Theodore Gregory (Athens), F.C. Benkam (Singapore), W.H. Hutt (South Africa), and F.W. Paish (Paris).

A-30 “Technischer Fortschritt und überkapazität.” österreichische Zeitschrift für Bankwesen 1 (1936).

[“Technical Progress and Overcapacity.”]

A-31 “The Mythology of Capital.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 50 (1936):199-228.

[Reprinted in William Fellner and Bernard F. Haley, eds., Readings in the Theory of Income Distribution. Philadelphia: 1946.]

A-32 “Utility Analysis and Interest.” Economic Journal 46 (1936): 44-60.

A-33 “La situation monétaire internationale.” Bulletin Périodique de la Societé Belge d’études et d’Expansion (Brussels), No. 103. (1936).

[“The International Monetary Situation.”]

[Reprinted in B-7. Also reprinted in J. M. Buchanan and G. F. Thirlby (eds.) L.S.E. Essays on Cost. New York and London: New York University Press, 1981 as chapter 3. Originally presented as a presidential address to the London Economic Club, 10 November 1936.]

A-35 “Einleitung zu einer Kapitaltheorie.” Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 8 (1937):1-9.

[“Introduction to a Theory of Capital.”]

A-36 “Das Goldproblem.” österreichische Zeitschrift für Bankwesen 2 (1937).

[“The Gold Problem.”]

A-37a “Investment that Raises the Demand for Capital.” Review of Economic Statistics 19 (November 1937).

[Reprinted in B-4.]

A-37b “Freedom and the Economic System.” Contemporary Review (April 1938).

[Reprinted in enlarged form in P-2.]

A-38 “Economic Conditions of Inter-State Federation.” New Commonwealth Quarterly 5 (London, 1939).

[Reprinted in B-7.]

A-39 “Pricing versus Rationing.” The Banker 51 (London, September 1939).

A-40 “The Economy of Capital.” The Banker 52 (London, October 1939).

A-41 “Socialist Calculation: The Competitive ‘Solution’.” Economica N.S. 7 (May 1940): 125-149.

[Reprinted in B-7.]

A-42 “The Counter-Revolution of Science.” Parts I-III. Economica N.S. 8 (February-August 1941): 281-320.

[Reprinted in B-9.]

A-43 “Maintaining Capital Intact: A Reply [to Professor Pigou.]” Economica N.S. 8 (1941): 276-280.

A-44 “Planning, Science and Freedom.” Nature 148 (November 15, 1941).

A-45 “The Ricardo Effect.” Economica N.S. 9 (1942).

[Reprinted in B-7. See also in B-17, Chapt. 11: “Three Elucidations of the Ricardo Effect,” and A-127.]

A-46 “Scientism and the Study of Society.” Part I: Economica N.S. 9 (1942). Part II: Economica 10 (1943). Part III: Economica 11 (1944).

[Reprinted in B-9.]

A-47 “A Comment on an Article by Mr. Kaldor: ‘Professor Hayek and the Concertina Effect’.” Economica N.S. 9 (November 1942): 383-385.

A-48 “A Commodity Reserve Currency.” Economic Journal 53 (1943).

[Reprinted in B-7 as chapter 10. Also reprinted in part as a pamphlet, “Material Relating to Proposals for an International Commodity Reserve Currency,” submitted to The International Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, N.H. by the Committee for Economic Stability (1944). #380 of the F. A. Harper Archives at The Institute for Humane Studies.]

A-49 “The Facts of the Social Sciences.” Ethics 54 (October 1943).

[Reprinted in B-7.]

A-50 “The Geometrical Representation of Complementarity.” Review of Economic Studies 10 (1942-1943): 122-125.

A-51 “Gospodarka planowa a idea planowania prawa.” Economista Polski (London, 1943).

[Cf. Chapter 6 of B-6: “Planning and the Rule of Law.”]

A-52 Edited: “John Rae and John Stuart Mill: A Correspondence.” Economica N.S. 10 (1943): 253-255.

A-53 “The Economic Position of South Tyrol.” In: Justice for South Tyrol. London: 1943.

[Compare with P-3.]

A-54 “Richard von Strigl” (Obituary). Economic Journal 54 (1944): 284-286.

[Strigl who died in 1944 was a “Neo-Austrian” who developed the theory of saving and investment and analyzed monopolistic competition theory.]

A-61 “Probleme und Schwierigkeiten der englischen Wirtschaft.” Schweizer Monatshefte 27 (1947).

[“Problems and Difficulties of the English Economy.”]

A-62 “Le plein emploi.” Economie Appliquée 1, no. 2-3, (Paris, 1948): 197-210.

[“Full Employment.”]

A-63a “Der Mensch in der Planwirtschaft.” In Simon Moser (ed.) Weltbild und Menschenbild. Innsbruck and Vienna: 1948.

[“Man in the Planned Economy.”]

A-63b “Die politischen Folgen der Planwirtschaft.” Die Industrie. Zeitschrift der Vereinigung österreichischer Industrieller. No. 3 (Vienna, January 1948).

[“The Political Effects of the Planned Economy.”]

A-64 “Wesley Clair Mitchell 1874-1948” (Obituary). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 111 (1948).

[Compare with Arthur F. Burns’ commemoration of Mitchell in the Twenty-Ninth Report of The National Bureau of Economic Research. New York: 1969; adapted in The Development of Economic Thought. Edited by Henry William Spiegel. New York, 1952, 1961, pp. 414-442. Also note Hayek’s personal association with Mitchell, as indicated in B-17, p. 3, note 3, during Hayek’s stay in America during the early 1920s. Also note the correspondence between Wesley Mitchell and Hayek mentioned in Emil Kauder, A History of Marginal Utility Theory. Princeton University Press, 1965.]

A-65a “The Intellectuals and Socialism.” The University of Chicago Law Review 16, no. 3 (Spring 1949): 417-433. German translation in Schweizer Monatshefte 29 (1944-50); Norwegian translation (1951).

[Reprinted in B-13 and by the Institute for Humane Studies, 1971.]

A-65b “A Levy on Increasing Efficiency. The Economics of Development Charges.” The Financial Times (April 26-28, 1949).

A-66 “Economics.” Chambers’ Encyclopaedia 4 (Oxford 1950).

A-67 “Ricardo, David.” Chambers’ Encyclopaedia 11 (Oxford 1950).

A-68 “Full Employment, Planning and Inflation.” Institute of Public Affairs Review 4 (6) (Melbourne, Australia 1950).

[Reprinted as Chapter 19 in B-13. Also in German (1951) and Spanish (1960).]

A-69a “Capitalism and the Proletariat.” Farmand 7, no. 56 (Oslo: February 17, 1951).

A-69b “Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit.” Jahresbericht der Züricher Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesellschaft (1951).

[“Equality and Justice.”]

A-70 “Comte and Hegel.” Measure 2 (Chicago, July 1951).

[Reprinted in B-9.]

A-71 “Comments on ‘The Economics and Politics of the Modern Corporation’.” The University of Chicago Law School, Conference Series no. 8, (December 7, 1951).

A-72 “Die überlieferung der Ideale der Wirtschaftsfreiheit.” Schweizer Monatshefte 31, No. 6 (1951).

[“The Transmission of the Ideals of Economic Freedom.” First in German (1951) and later in an English translation as “The Ideals of Economic Freedom: A Liberal Inheritance,” in The Owl (London 1951), pp. 7-12. A “corrected version” in English is reprinted as Chapter 13 of B-13. Published in The Freeman 2 (July 28, 1952): 729-731, as “A Rebirth of Liberalism.” A remarkably similar overview of the various liberal currents that flowed into modern economic liberalism is given by Carlo Mötteli (a financial editor for Neue Zücher Zeitung) in Swiss Review of World Affairs 1, no. 8 (November 1951) and entitled “The Regeneration of Liberalism,” reprinted in The Mont Pélèrin Quarterly 3 (October 1961): 29-30.]

A-73a “Die Ungerechtigkeit der Steuerprogression.” Schweizer Monatshefte 32 (November 1952).

[“The Injustice of the Progressive Income Tax.” cf. A-79 and A-73b of which this is a translation.]

A-73b “The Case Against Progressive Income Taxes.” The Freeman 4 (December 28, 1953): 229-232.

A-74a “Leftist Foreign Correspondent.” The Freeman 3 (January 12, 1953): 275.

A-74b “The Actonian Revival.” Review of Lord Acton by Gertrude Himmelfarb and Acton’s Political Philosophy by G. E. Fasnacht. The Freeman 3 (March 23, 1953): 461-462.

A-74c “Decline of the Rule of Law. Part I.” The Freeman 3 (April 20, 1953):518-520; Part II The Freeman 3 (May 4, 1953): 561-563.

A-74d “Substitute for Foreign Aid.” The Freeman 3 (April 6, 1953): 482-484.

A-74e “Entstehung und Verfall des Rechtsstaatsideales.” In: Albert Hunold (ed.) Wirtschaft ohne Wunder. Volkswirtschaftliche Studien für das Schweizerische Institut für Auslandsforschung. Zurich, 1953.

[“The Rise and Fall of the Ideal of the Constitutional State.”]

A-75a “Marktwirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik.” Ordo 6 (February 1954): 3-18.

[“Market Economy and The Economic Policy.”]

A-75b “Wirtschaftsgeschichte and Politik.” Ordo 7 (March 1955).

[“Economic History and Politics.” See E-10.]

A-76 “Degrees of Explanation.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 6, no. 23 (1955): 209-225.

[Received by journal Nov. 11, 1954. Hayek acknowledges indebtedness to Chester Barnand, Heinrich Klüver, Herbert Lamm, Michael Polanyi, Karl Popper, Warren Weaver and the members of a Faculty Seminar of the Committee of Social Thought in the University of Chicago “for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of this paper.” Reprinted in revised form in B-13, Chapter 1.]

A-77 “Towards a Theory of Economic Growth, Discussion of Simon Kuznets’ Paper.” In: National Policy for Economic Welfare at Home and Abroad. New York: Columbia University Bicentennial Conference, 1955.

A-78 “Comments.” In: Congress for Cultural Freedom (ed.) Science and Freedom. London: (Proceedings of the Hamburg Conference of the Congress for Cultural Freedom) 1955.

[Also printed in German.]

A-79 “Progressive Taxation Reconsidered.” In: Mary Sennholz (ed.) On Freedom and Free Enterprise: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises. Princeton: D. von Nostrand Co., 1956. Presented on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of his [von Mises’] Doctorate, February 26, 1956.

A-80 “The Dilemma of Specialization.” In Leonard D. White (ed.) The State of the Social Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.

[Reprinted in B-13, Chapter 8.]

A-81a “über den ‘Sinn’ sozialer Institutionen.” Schweizer Monatshefte 36 (October 1956).

[“On the ‘Meaning’ of Social Institutions.”]

A-81b “Freedom & The Rule of Law.” (The Third Programme, BBC Radio; lst of 2 talks.) The Listener (Dec. 13, 1956).

A-82a “Was ist und was heisst ‘sozial’?” In Albert Hunold (ed.) Masse und Demokratie. Zürich: 1957.

[“What is ‘Social’—What Does It Mean?” Translated in an unauthorized English translation in Freedom and Serfdom (ed. A. Hunold), Dordrecht, 1961. The reprint in B-13, Chapter 17 is a revised version of the unauthorized English translation “which in parts gravely misrepresented the meaning of the original.”]

A-82b Review of Mill and His Early Critics by J. C. Rees. Leicester: University College of Leicester, 1956. In Journal of Modern History (June 1957): 54.

A-83 “Grundtatsachen des Fortschritts.” Ordo 9 (1957): 19-42.

[“The Fundamental Facts of Progress.”]

A-84 “Inflation Resulting from the Downward Inflexibility of Wages.” In: Committee for Economic Development (ed.) Problems of United States Economic Development, New York: 1958, Vol. I, pp. 147-152.

[Reprinted in B-13, Chapter 21.]

A-85a “La Libertad, La Economia Planificada y el Derecho.” Temas Contemporaneos (Buenos Aires) 3 (1958).

[“Liberty, the Planned Economy, and the Law.”]

A-85b “Das Individuum im Wandel der Wirtschaftsordnung.” Der Volkswirt No. 51-52 (Frankfurt am Main 1958).

[“The Individual and Change of Economic System.”]

A-86 “The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization.” In: Felix Morley (ed.) Essays in Individuality. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958.

A-87 “Freedom, Reason, and Tradition.” Ethics 68 (1958).

A-88a “Gleichheit, Wert und Verdienst.” Ordo 10 (1958): 5-29.

[“Equality, Value, and Profit.”]

A-88b “Attualità di un insegnamento,” In: Angelo Dalle Molle, ed. Il Maestro dell’ Economia di Domani (Festschrift for Luigi Einaudi on his 85th Birthday). Verona, 1958, pp. 20-24.

[“The Reality of a Teaching,” In The Master of the Economics of the Future. Luigi Einaudi (1874-1961), who is honored in this Festschrift, was a classical liberal Italian economist and statesman. He was the first president of Italy (1948-1955). Following World War II he was governor of the Bank of Italy and devised programs for monetary stabilization. Einaudi is celebrated by Hayek, in an allusion, in A-72.]

A-89 “Liberalismus (1) Politischer Liberalismus.” Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften 6 (Stuttgart-Tübingen-Göttingen, 1959).

[“Liberalism (1) Political Liberalism.” See Chapter 9 of B-17.]

A-90 “Bernard Mandeville.” Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften 7 (Stuttgart-Tübingen-Göttingen, 1959).

A-91 “Unions, Inflation and Profits.” In: Philip D. Bradley (ed.) The Public Stake in Union Power. Charlottesville, University of Virginia Press: 1959.

[Reprinted in B-13.]

A-92 “Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit.” Schweizer Monatshefte 39 (1959).

[“Freedom and Independence.”]

A-93 “Verantwortlichkeit und Freiheit.” In: Albert Hunold (ed.) Erziehung zur Freiheit. Erlenbach-Zürich: E. Rentsch, 1959: 147-170.

[“Responsibility and Freedom.”]

A-94 “Marktwirtschaft und Strukturpolitik.” Die Aussprache 9 (1959).

[“Market Economy and Structural Policy.”]

A-95 “An Röpke.” In Wilhelm Röpke, Gegen die Brandung. Zürich: E. Rentsch, 1959.

[“On Röpke.”]

A-96a “The Free Market Economy: The Most Efficient Way of Solving Economic Problems.” Human Events 16, no. 50 (Dec. 16, 1959).

[Reprinted in P-6.]

A-96b “The Economics of Abundance,” in Henry Hazlitt, ed. The Critics of Keynesian Economics. Princeton and London: Van Nostrand Co., 1960, pp. 126-130.

A-97a “The Social Environment.” In B. H. Bagdikian (ed.) Man’s Contracting World in an Expanding Universe. Providence, R.I.: 1960.

A-97b “Freedom, Reason and Tradition.” Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting: The Western Conference of Prepaid Medical Service Plans, (Winnipeg 1960).

A-97c “Progenitor of Scientism.” National Review (1960).

A-97d “Gobierno Democratico y Actividad Economica.” Espejo 1 (Mexico City 1960).

[“Democratic Government and Economic Activity.”]

A-98 “The Corporation in a Democratic Society: In Whose Interest Ought It and Will It Be Run?” In: M. Anshen and G. L. Bach (eds.) Management and Corporations 1985. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

[Reprinted in B-13.]

A-99a “The ‘Non Sequitur’ of the ‘Dependence Effect’.” The Southern Economic Journal 27 (April 1961).

[Reprinted in B-13, Chapter 23.]

A-99b “Freedom and Coercion: Some Comments and Mr. Hamowy’s Criticism.” New Individualist Review 1, no. 2 (Summer 1961): 28-32.

A-100a “Die Ursachen der ständigen Gefährdung der Freiheit.” Ordo 12 (1961):103-112.

[“The Origins of the Constant Danger to Freedom.”]

A-100b “How Much Education at Public Expense?” Context 1 (Chicago 1961).

A-101 “The Moral Element in Free Enterprise.” In: National Association of Manufacturers (eds.) The Spiritual and Moral Significance of Free Enterprise. New York: 1962.

[Reprinted in B-13 as Chapter 16. Originally delivered as an address to the 66th Congress of American Industry organized by the N.A.M. New York, December 6, 1961.]

A-102 “Rules, Perception and Intelligibility.” Proceedings of the British Academy 48 (1962), London, 1963, pp. 321-344.

[Reprinted as Chapter 3 in B-13.]

A-103a “Wiener Schule.” Handwörterbuch der Sozialwissenschaften 12 (Stuttgart-Tübingen-Göttingen, 1962).

[“The Vienna School.”]

A-103b “The Uses of ‘Gresham’s Law’ as an Illustration of ‘Historical Theory’.” History and Theory 1 (1962).

[Reprinted in B-13, Chapter 24.]

A-104 “Alte Wahrheiten und neue Irrtümer.” In: Internationales Institut der Sparkassen, ed. Das Sparwesen der Welt, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Savings Banks. Amsterdam: 1963.

[“Old Truths and New Errors.” Reprinted in B-14; Italian translation in Il Risparmio (Milan) 11 (1963).]

A-105 “Arten der Ordnung.” Ordo 14 (1963).

English version under the title “Kinds of Order in Society.” New Individualist Review (University of Chicago) 3, no. 2 (Winter 1964): 3-12.

[Reprinted in B-14.]

[The five volumes of New Individualist Review (1961-1968) in which “Kinds of Order” appears have been published in one volume as New Individualist Review. Indianapolis: LibertyPress, 1981. Reprinted as pamphlet: Menlo Park, California: The Institute for Humane Studies (Studies in Social Theory No. 5), 1975. Hayek used this essay as the basis of the second chapter of Vol. I of Law, Legislation and Liberty (B-15). Reprinted in German in B-14.]

A-106 “Recht, Gesetz und Wirtschaftsfreiheit.” In: Hundert Jahre Industrie und Handelskammer zu Dortmund 1863-1963. Dortmund, 1963.

[“Right, Law, and Economic Freedom.” Reprinted in B-14.]

A-107 Introduction to “The Earlier Letters of John Stuart Mill.” In F.E. Mineka, ed. John Stuart Mill, Vol. XII. Toronto: Toronto University Press and London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963.

A-108 “The Legal and Political Philosophy of David Hume.” Il Politico 28, no. 4 (December 1963): 691-704.

[Lecture delivered for the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the University of Freiburg im Breisgau on July 18, 1963. Reprinted as chapter 7 of B-13. Also (in German) in B-14.]

[Reprinted in B-13; see P-11c. ]

A-110 Parts of “Commerce, History of.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. VI. Chicago: 1964.

A-111 “Die Anschauungen der Mehrheit und die zeitgenössische Demokratie.” Ordo 15/16 (1965): 19-41.

[“The Perception of the Majority and Contemporary Democracy.” Reprinted in B-14.]

A-112 “Kinds of Rationalism.” The Economic Studies Quarterly 15, no. 3 (Tokyo, 1965). [Reprinted in B-13, Chapter 5. Originally delivered as a lecture on April 27, 1964 at Rikkyo University, Tokyo. German translation in B-14.]

A-113 “Personal Recollections of Keynes and the ‘Keynesian Revolution’.” The Oriental Economist 34 (Tokyo, January 1966).

[German translation in B-14. Reprinted in B-17.]

A-114 “The Misconception of Human Rights as Positive Claims.” Farmand Anniversary Issue II/12 (Oslo, 1966): 32-35.

[Paper submitted to The Tokyo Meeting of the Mont Pélèrin Society, Sept. 5-10, 1966. German translation in Ordo 18 (1967); also reprinted in B-14. Reprinted as Chapter 11 of B-13 in a slightly altered version, deleting final poem linking spontaneous order to Lao-Tzu’s Taoism of wu-wei. See Chiaki Nishiyama (1967) for a discussion of and reflection on Hayek’s paper.]

A-116 “Dr. Bernard Mandeville.” Proceedings of the British Academy 52 (1966), London 1967.

[“Lecture on a Master Mind” delivered to the British Academy on March 23, 1966. Reprinted as Chapter 15 of B-17. German translation in B-14.]

A-117 “L’Etalon d’Or—Son Evolution.” Revue d’Economie Politique 76 (1966).

[“The Gold Standard—Its Evolution.”]

A-118 “Résultats de l’action des hommes mais non de leurs desseins.” In: Les Fondements Philosophiques des Systèmes Economiques. Textes de Jacques Rueff et essais rédiges en son honneur. (Paris 1967).

[Translated in English in B-13 as “The Results of Human Action but not of Human Design.” German translation in B-14.]

[See (B-10) for the influence of Mach (1838-1916) on Hayek. A-119 is part of a symposium commemorating the 50th anniversary of Mach’s death: “Ernst Mach and Social Science Thought in Vienna.”]

A-120 “Rechtsordnung und Handelnsordnung.” In Eric Streissler (ed.), Zur Einheit der Rechts-und Staatswissenschaften,Vol. 27. Karlsruhe, 1967.

[“Legal Order and Commercial Order.” Reprinted in B-14.]

A-121 “The Constitution of A Liberal State.” Il Politico 32, no. 1 (Sept. 1967): 455-461.

[German translation in Ordo 19 (1968) and in B-14.]

A-122a “Bruno Leoni, the Scholar.” Il Politico 33, no. 1 (March 1968): 21-25.

Also translated in the same journal as “Bruno Leoni lo studioso.” (pp. 26-30). In commemoration of Leoni’s death (November 21, 1967).

A-122b “Ordinamento giuridico e ordine sociale.” Il Politico 33, no. 4 (December 1968): 693-724.

[“Juridical Regulation and Social Order.”]

A-123a “A Self-Generating Order for Society.” In John Nef (ed.), Towards World Community. The Hague, 1968.

A-123b Speech on the 70th Birthday of Leonard Reed. In: What’s Past is Prologue. New York: Foundation for Economic Education, 1968.

A-124 “Economic Thought VI: The Austrian School.” In International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Edited by David L. Sills. New York: The Macmillan Co. & Free Press, 1968, 1972; Volume 4, pp. 458-462.

A-125a “Menger, Carl.” In International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Edited by David L. Sills. New York: The Macmillan Company & Free Press, 1968, 1972; Volume 10, pp. 124-127.

A-125b ‘Wieser, Friedrich von.” In International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. Edited by David L. Sills. New York: The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, 1968, 1972; Volumes 15, 16, 17, pp. 549-550.

A-126 “Szientismus.” In W. Bernsdorf (ed.), Wörterbuch der Soziologie, Edited by W. Bernsdorf. 2nd ed. (Stuttgart, 1969).

[“Scientism.”]

A-127 “Three Elucidations of the ‘Ricardo Effect’.” Journal of Political Economy 77 (March-April 1969): 274-285.

[Reprinted in B-13 and (in German) in B-14.]

A-128a “The Primacy of the Abstract.” In Arthur Koestler and J. R. Smythies (eds.), Beyond Reductionism—The Alpbach Symposium. London, 1969.

[Reprinted in B-17.]

A-128b “Marktwirtschaft oder Syndikalismus?” In: Protokoll des Wirtschaftstages der CDU/DSU (Bonn 1969).

[“Market Economy or Syndicalism?”]

A-129a “Il sistema concorrenziale come strumento di conoscenza.” L’industria 1 (Turin, January-March 1970): 34-50.

[Translated with an English summary as “The Competitive System as a Tool of Knowledge.”]

A-129b “Principles or Expediency?”In Toward Liberty: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von Mises on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, September 29, 1971. Sponsoring Committee F. A. von Hayek et.al; F. A. Harper, Secretary. Menlo Park, California: Institute for Humane Studies, 1971, vol I, pp. 29-45.