Washington Post writers Chris Ingraham and James Hohmann each offered laments this week for General Motors’ announcement that it will idle several North American sedan-manufacturing plants, laying off thousands of workers. GM’s move is part of a shakeup in its offerings, as consumer demand shifts from sedans to more versatile SUVs, crossovers, and light trucks.
But Ingraham and Hohmann aren’t simply concerned about the job losses or the specific harms that accompany generally beneficial “creative destruction.” Rather, they write that the move is “another victory for capitalism over labor” (to borrow from Ingraham’s title) and a demonstration of “a crisis of confidence in American capitalism” (to borrow from Hohmann’s).
Writes Ingraham:
General Motors on Monday announced that it is eliminating 15 percent of its salaried workforce and halting production at five of its North American auto plants in an effort to save $6 billion by 2020. Investors reacted to the elimination of 14,000 jobs by driving the company’s share price up by nearly 8 percent immediately following the announcement.
That combination of unemployed workers and happy investors underscores a key point about the modern American economy: What’s good for corporate profits isn’t necessarily good for workers. In fact, and perhaps now more than ever, the interests of a company’s workers and shareholders are directly at odds.
Echoes Hohmann:
Monday underscored that, perhaps now more than ever, what’s good for GM is not necessarily what’s good for America. The company announced that it will save $6 billion by eliminating 14,000 jobs, or 15 percent of its workforce, and halting production next year at four U.S. plants, from Macomb County in Michigan to Trumbull County in Ohio, that make the Chevy Impala, Cruze and Volt, the Cadillac CT6 and the Buick LaCrosse. But as 14,000 people and their families fretted looming unemployment, with Christmas just weeks away, investors celebrated. GM stock closed up 5 percent.
This points to the growing disconnect between what’s good for Wall Street and what’s good for Main Street.
There are some serious problems with Ingraham and Hohmann’s comments. The obvious one is that a giant multinational corporation yielding to the demands of American consumers is certainly “good for America” (including American workers, who tend to consume) vis-à-vis the days when corporations sniffed that “consumers will buy what we give ‘em.” Even in the narrow context of automaking labor, it is certainly better for workers that GM is refocusing on products with growing demand rather than products with softening demand.
But there’s a deeper problem with what Ingraham and Hohmann write: they seem to embrace a value judgment that labor is virtuous while capital is amoral (if not immoral). I believe this judgment is balderdash.
Think of those Socialist Realism paintings of a world without capitalists—a world of happy workers laboring in fields and factories, often with a smiling, wise Marxist leader looking on. Notice that the workers are always hale and healthy (if not outright buff); the fields lush and extensive, the factories roaring with industry. Yet, despite the artwork, attempts at real Marxism have yielded plenty of broken and impoverished workers.
That’s why I think capital is more virtuous than labor.
Specifically, laborers—socialist or otherwise—typically have to be healthy and strong to be productive when capital is limited. Many of us will never be that, and none of us will be healthy and strong at some points in our lives. Also, to be productive, laborers have to live and work in economically booming areas, relocating as fortunes shift, whereas many of us find ourselves in economically struggling areas and face hardships if we leave. And productive laborers have to work for firms with talented and fair managers, operating in industries that don’t experience business cycles, and have up-to-date job skills, or else they risk loss of employment.
In contrast, capitalists can prosper despite being infirm, economically isolated, and having limited or outdated job skills. They can overcome business cycles and bad managers. They don’t even need to be particularly savvy investors. The elderly person with an investment in mutual funds can prosper even as her physical strength fades, industry moves away, and managers make ruthless business decisions. And she can continue to prosper despite shifts in demand for different types of labor and the expansion of automation.
So while labor only benefits those with ephemeral physical talents and skills who are fortunate enough to be situated such that they can employ them, capital can benefit everyone everywhere. If there is a “crisis” in American capitalism, it’s that too many people are invested only in labor and not enough in capital.
Thomas A. Firey is a Cato Institute senior fellow and managing editor of Cato’s journal Regulation.
READER COMMENTS
Benjamin Cole
Nov 29 2018 at 9:00pm
A corporation should be amoral.
As Milton Friedman pointed out, a corporation has fiduciary obligations to shareholders that should and properly trump all other concerns.
A multinational corporation has no obligation to any particular city, region or nation, or any ethical code, but only to its global shareholder base (35% of the US stock market capitalization is owned by offshore entities).
That is how it should be.
A US citizen may take umbrage that US foreign, trade, and military policy appears to be largely controlled by multinationals.
Multinationals can pour unlimited funds into think tanks, lobby groups, trade associations, academia, media, and even political campaigns.
The framework for discussing foreign, trade, and military policy is that constructed by multinationals, which are amoral organizations.
It may not be too much to say that the US military has become a global guard service for multinationals. A Saudi Arabia can murder a Khashoggi and finance a 9/11, but US policy toward Saudi Arabia is that it is an ally, or that colluding with the increasingly repressive Communist Party of China to create a global manufacturing base is fine and dandy.
I do not blame US citizens if they decide there are limits to amorality.
Pandering to thugs usually has consequences, and they are not pleasant.
Neville Chamberlain anyone?
Bedarz Iliachi
Dec 3 2018 at 1:06am
Mark Z
Nov 30 2018 at 12:34am
Conveniently elided from their “analysis” are not only consumers, but workers at other corporations. Ingraham and Hohmann seem to assume there is an infinite amount of capital available, if only greedy investors were willing to part with it. If GM had spent the extra money to pay employ workers, those reduced profits would mostly come out of what would’ve been invested in other companies, which would then be able to hire fewer workers. So what’s really going on is that Ingraham and Hohmann care more about workers as GM than workers at other companies.
Ingraham and Hohmann may as well lament the collapse of horse-drawn carriage companies in the wake of the automobile because of the disemployed carriage-makers, and demand that capital be diverted from more productive car companies to the carriage companies to preserve the jobs of the latter’s employees.
Miguel Madeira
Nov 30 2018 at 7:34am
If anything, this sound as an argument AGAINST capital being more (or even equally) moral than labor – what you are saying, in essence, is that people who live from capital incomes have an easy life than people who live from labor incomes (than could be argued that they should have also more responsibilities)
Thomas Firey
Nov 30 2018 at 11:24am
See, my sense is the exact opposite. Capital rewards savers and rational risk-takers: people who exhibit the classic virtues of wisdom, moderation, and courage–which in turn can be people who are elderly, infirm, economically isolated, etc. Labor rewards those with good health, at good ages, in good locations, and in good professional situations–that is, the fortunate, who may or may not be virtuous.
I admit, I’m being hyperbolic–laborers need to show good work ethic, of course. And some capitalists start with the good fortune of a large financial endowment (though it’s amazing how many such folks fritter those endowments away).
Still, capital can aid many disadvantaged while labor requires a decent degree of good fortune. Hence, I credit capital with being “morally superior” (a crude term, but I couldn’t come up with a better one) or at least I don’t buy the view that labor is virtuous while capital is not.
Robert EV
Nov 30 2018 at 10:47pm
Much of what you say could be true, if capital was applied through loans. But when capital is applied through ownership stakes (e.g. shares of stock, or other means of ownership), then the capital is effectively labor.
And it’s not like labor is just sitting around. If you think “wisdom, moderation, and courage” don’t also apply to labor then I question your background. And if you think it’s not a rational risk to take a new job, then….
Miguel Madeira
Dec 3 2018 at 10:26am
Perhaps part of the problem is that “capital” in this discussions is usually used as short for “people who derive their income from capital”; the argument that capital is more moral because it can be used to create income for sick, elderly, disabled, etc people could make some sense if we are talking literally about “capital”, in the sense of saying that factories, machines, buildings are more moral than human work. But if we were talking about people who own factories, machines, buildings , etc being more moral than people who have mainly is work as a source of income, I think that most of you are saying does not make much sense.
Billy Kaubashine
Nov 30 2018 at 2:54pm
Without capital (and specialization and trade) labor yields a subsistence level existence.
Poverty is the default human condition, and without capital that’s where we’d all be.
Is capital moral or immoral? Is gravity moral or immoral? The same gravity that keeps us from flying off into certain death in space kills us if we fall off the roof. The same capital that lifts us out of poverty occasionally makes life difficult for some of us when it needs to relocate or reallocate.
Charley Hooper
Nov 30 2018 at 2:56pm
Because both GM investors and GM management don’t want to pay workers to make Chevrolet sedans from now until infinity, they dole out their capital in smaller increments. Jobs are typically for small increments of time and money.
This works because investors and capitalists own their money, but workers don’t own their jobs. If workers somehow owned their jobs, then capitalists would necessarily have lost ownership of their money.
If workers want a legal contract guaranteeing lifetime employment, they are free to try to negotiate for it. The terms might not be agreeable.
Robert EV
Nov 30 2018 at 10:50pm
Only within the bounds of what’s legal in negotiations. This goes for the capital as well as the labor, but capital has a better chance at violating the laws and getting away with it.
john hare
Dec 1 2018 at 6:08am
Trying for a lifetime employment contract would be financial suicide for the employee unless the company is seriously stupid. Given the uncertainties of future use for the employee, the wages would have to be severely discounted in the near term to ensure (hopefully) company survival. Even if a decent wage could be negotiated in the near term, it is possible that the company would go broke at some point* and render the negotiation worthless. TANSTAAFL
*Toys-R-Us, Sears, Pontiac.
Thaomas
Dec 1 2018 at 12:42pm
It is indeed a shame that most of one’s assets are represented by undiversified human capital. A generous safety net — health insurance, retirement income, unemployment insurance — is one kind of diversification. A progressive consumption tax that funded among other things subsidized retirement savings would be a good addition the safety net.
Warren Platts
Dec 3 2018 at 10:41am
>Balderdash?
GM shifting production from small cars to more pickup trucks has nothing to do with the fact that there is a 25% tariff on pickups, but only 2.5% on small cars, right? The solution is obvious.
As for GM’s lack of loyalty to anybody but its shareholders, I seem to recall all those shareholders got a bailout courtesy of U.S. taxpayers (aka workers) not too long ago. And then there was the multi-trillion bailout for U.S. banksters. And probably another one looming in the near future. Balderdash indeed.
Mark Z
Dec 3 2018 at 3:58pm
Inasmuch as we can segment people into ‘workers’ vs. ‘shareholders’, it’s the ‘shareholder’ class that pays a disproportional share of taxes. And how was bailing out GM (a bad idea, no doubt) not a bailout for workers? How would GM workers would be able to keep their jobs at a company after it ceases to exist.
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