Remember the joke about the motorist who gets lost, and then asks for directions to Podunk? The farmer replies, “If I was headed to Podunk, I wouldn’t start from here.” Yes, and if I was targeting inflation at 1.9%, I would not start from a position of negative 5-year inflation expectations in the eurozone’s most prosperous country. But first let’s review how they got so far off course.
Market monetarists claim that the ECB should target NGDP, not inflation. Had they done so, they could have responded much more vigorously to the eurozone depression. Recall that eurozone interest rates have been above zero for at least 80% of the past 6 years. But the ECB insists on targeting inflation. So then what do they do?
Then they should stop using interest rates as the policy instrument, and adjust the monetary base as needed to keep 5 year inflation forecasts on target. But the ECB insists on adjusting interest rates, despite the potential zero bound problems. So what do they do at the zero bound?
At the zero bound they should shift over the level targeting of prices. That way as prices fall further and further below target, expected inflation rises and real interest rates fall. That makes it easier to get back on target via forward guidance on interest rates (or QE for that matter.) But the ECB insists on targeting the rate of inflation, not the price level. So then what do they do?
Here’s the ECB’s basic problem. They don’t seem to understand what it means for a central bank to “target inflation.” They seem to think that some sort of magical process will make inflation return to 1.9%, even if they are not using any sort of policy instrument to make it happen. This view seems especially strong in Germany. Recall that interest rates cannot be lowered, and the Germans oppose QE. That means the Germans oppose having the ECB actually do anything to make 1.9% inflation happen, despite the fact that the Germans are often viewed as being more obsessive about inflation targeting than the others. Weird.
Many central bankers seem to think that monetary policy is something to be “used” or “not used” to fix problems. That’s not at all what inflation (or NGDP) targeting means. The right metaphor is steering a ship. There should be no debate between the pilot and co-pilot about whether to use the steering wheel to steer the ship. But there is a debate among central bankers about whether to “use” monetary policy.
Now for the bad news. At first glance the negative 5-year inflation expectations in Germany might look like a problem that the ECB is well suited to fix. And in a technical sense they could do so, quite easily in fact. Indeed one important theme of market monetarism is that market signals should be used to steer monetary policy. But the whole point of this approach is to prevent sharp deviations from occurring in the first place. The negative inflation expectations in Europe already account for the ECB’s likely response to those negative expectations. Read that again and think about what that means. The markets don’t just believe that policy will fail under current instrument settings, but also that it will fail under the likely instrument setting adjustments by the ECB. Those 5-year deflation expectations in Germany already account for the QE that the market expects the ECB to do in 2015.
(As an analogy, God’s knowledge that you are about to exercise your free will in such a way as to end up suffering eternal damnation is really bad news even if you think you have free will. And yes, I did just compare the markets to God. Call it the super-strong EMH.)
There are steps the ECB could have taken in 2011, like cutting their interest rate target instead of raising it, which will no longer work today. And there are things that would have worked in 2013, like QE, that will not work today, at the quantities being contemplated.
Now for the really bad news. During the 1930s, the worst outcomes did not occur when no devaluation was expected. Nor did the worst outcomes occur when devaluations occurred. The worst outcomes occurred when devaluation was feared, but did not occur. Perhaps when one country left the gold standard, and others were seen as likely to leave, but struggled to stay on the standard. Now consider the recent news out of Greece.
Polls suggest the winner would be Syriza, a populist party led by Alexis Tsipras. Although Tsipras professes that he does not want to leave the euro, he is making promises to voters on public spending and taxes that may make it hard for Greece to stay. Hence the markets’ sudden pessimism.
And now for the really, really bad news. There’s a rumor that Draghi might resign. Good luck to the new President. It’s like the car has gone over the cliff and the driver yanks off the steering wheel, and gives it to the person beside him; “here, you drive.”
Have a nice day.
READER COMMENTS
Brian Donohue
Dec 16 2014 at 12:55pm
Good post. Depressing.
MikeP
Dec 16 2014 at 4:04pm
Remember the joke about the motorist who gets lost, and then asks for directions to Podunk? The farmer replies, “If I was headed to Podunk, I wouldn’t start from here.”
Am I the only one who read this as “the joke about the monetarist”?
I didn’t get it.
Lorenzo from Oz
Dec 17 2014 at 1:59am
And yes, I did just compare the markets to God. Call it the super-strong EMH. Comedy gold 🙂
I have become convinced that only one person in the EU needs to be convinced of the need to change monetary policy, and that is Angela Merkel. Unfortunately, I am not sure there is any pressing reason (for her) to reconsider the matter seriously. Unless she can be convinced that, for example, it will help dealing with Putin (which it would, as it happens). But where is she going to read the appropriate analyses?
Matt Moore
Dec 17 2014 at 5:29am
despite the fact that the Germans are often viewed as being more obsessive about inflation targeting than the others
If Germans are viewed way, they shouldn’t be. They are rather extremely inflation-averse. They don’t view deviations from the target symmetrically. The Weimar Hyperinflation looms very large in the national psyche, and they suspect QE as being a means to monetise government debt, and not even their own government’s debt.
Luis Pedro Coelho
Dec 17 2014 at 8:35am
For all the blame on the Germans, I don’t read about the southern countries talking about monetary stimulus either. They want to use the ECB to transfer money to themselves, but are not pressing for Eurozone wide re-inflation.
Matt is absolutely right: Germans are against positive inflation. Less inflation is better, in their view.
Scott Sumner
Dec 17 2014 at 11:31am
Matt, That may well be true, but then it suggests that the Germans are lying when they say the ECB should try to hit its inflation target.
It’s also unclear why the Germans are so obsessed with hyperinflation. The 1929-32 deflation did far more damage. Are German schoolchildren taught that the 1929-32 deflation (actually falling NGDP) led to Hitler?
Luis, Good point.
Luis Pedro Coelho
Dec 17 2014 at 1:14pm
I went through the German school system and what I remember is that hyperinflation discredited the Weimar Republic and led to Hitler. I don’t remember hearing about the deflation. They did mention that what would not be called austerity was very unpopular and Hitler did very well by investing in infrastructure.
genauer
Dec 17 2014 at 4:49pm
the treaties say “no bail out” and “price stability”. 0.3 % inflation is stability.
https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2003/html/pr030508_2.en.html
The definition of “price stability”, the governing Council reached, after “More than four years of implementation” is
“Price stability is defined as a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of *below 2%*. Price stability is to be maintained over the *medium term*.”
This is obviously *not* Treaty text. And below 2% is not violation. Above 2% is a violation. But since the target has / can be achieved only over the *medium term*, we also did not go bollocks and demanded
criminal actions, when the Inflation was for years somewhat over the 2.0% mark.
And a mere “agreement” , 4 years later, of the Government council, does not break treaty text “no bail out Clause” TFEU Art 125
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Consolidated_version_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union/Title_VIII:_Economic_and_Monetary_Policy#CHAPTER_1:_ECONOMIC_POLICY
“1. The Union shall not be liable for or assume the commitments of central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of any Member State, without prejudice to mutual financial guarantees for the joint execution of a specific project. A Member State shall not be liable for or assume the commitments of central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of another Member State, without prejudice to mutual financial guarantees for the joint execution of a specific project.”
The endless desparate attempts to use panic and fear mongering to rush “asap” crimes against it through, before the European Court of Justice
rules on it (assumed 1Q2015), shows very clearly the criminal intent to establish a “fait accompli” . Lorenzo bin Smaghi also repeatedly proposed that.
We are forewarned.
Scott Sumner
Dec 17 2014 at 4:58pm
Luis, If true, it’s really sad to hear that German students are being misinformed about how Hitler took power.
Genauer, I’m afraid there is a lot of misinformation in your post. It’s not true that the ECB definition of price stability is inflation below 2%. Negative 2% is below 2%, but is not considered price stability.
And the ECB most certainly did freak out when inflation rose above 2% in 2011. They sharply tightened monetary policy and drove the eurozone into a double-dip recession, greatly worsening the debt crisis. And now the eurozone is entering a period of deflation. The policy is a disaster, and might well get even worse over the next few years.
genauer
Dec 17 2014 at 5:02pm
I am German, and enjoyed the whole school system from kindergarden to postdoc : – )
No matter how often this “hyperinflation” story is repeated somewhere else,
the real point is, that nearly every German child experienced on vacation in Italy that year after year the remaining lira were 10 – 20% less in value, that small change was given in bad hard candy.
Real life experiences.
Switzerland fares very well with near vanishing inflation. The US after the civil war as well. There is no “lost decade” in real GDP in Japan, and we know better how to eek out extra growth, while consolidating government debt in the 2000s.
http://de.slideshare.net/genauer/gd-pper-capita-in-ppp-us-versus-euroarea-germany
genauer
Dec 17 2014 at 5:11pm
Scott Sumner,
to call the verbatim citation of referenced ECB text “misinformation”, that is really gross.
And the same holds for calling 2 quarter point raises to gigantic 1.5% “sharply tightened monetary policy” and “freak out”
Comments are closed.