Robert Merton Solow

Solow followed shortly after with another pioneering article, "Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function." Before that article economists had believed that the main causes of economic growth were increases in capital and labor. But Solow showed that half of economic growth cannot be accounted for by increases in capital and labor. This unaccounted-for portion of economic growth—now called the "Solow residual"—he attributed to technological innovation. His article originated "sources-of-growth accounting," which economists use to estimate the separate effects on economic growth of labor, capital, and technological change.

Solow also was the first to develop a growth model with different vintages of capital. The idea was that because capital is produced based on known technology, and because technology is improving, new capital is more valuable than old capital.

A Keynesian, Solow has been a witty critic of economists ranging from interventionists like Marxist economists and John Kenneth Galbraith to noninterventionist economists such as Milton Friedman. Solow once wrote that Galbraith's disdain for ordinary consumer goods "reminds one of the Duchess who, upon acquiring a full appreciation of sex, asked the Duke if it were not perhaps too good for the common people." Of Milton Friedman, Solow wrote, "Everything reminds Milton of the money supply. Well, everything reminds me of sex, but I keep it out of the paper."

Solow earned his Ph.D. from Harvard, where he studied under Wassily Leontief, and has been an economics professor at MIT since 1950. From 1961 to 1963 he was a senior economist with President Kennedy's Council of Economic Advisers. In 1961 he won the American Economic Association's John Bates Clark Award, given to the best economist under age forty. In 1979 he was president of that association.